The 1945 and 1947 Council of Foreign Ministers meetings; John Foster Dulles's views on the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the genesis of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); European Defense Community and European integration; the Geneva Conference on Indo-China; the Suez crisis; administration of the State Department (problems of morale and McCarthyism, the decision-making process); John Foster Dulles's travels and visits to United States embassies abroad. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with the Senate and its Foreign Relations Committee; the Aswan Dam proposal; the crisis in Lebanon; John Foster Dulles as United States Senator in 1949. [PAC]

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Yugoslavia; the Eisenhower inauguration; India (the Kashmir dispute, Nehru, foreign aid, "neutrality"); working relations with John Foster Dulles; the Arab-Israeli dispute; the Aswan Dam proposal and the Suez crisis; Greece (Cyprus); United States Information Agency (foreign opinion polls); the U-2 program; cultural exchange programs; the use of nuclear force. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's appointment as Secretary of State; his relations with the President; the Formosa crisis; Viet Nam; the administration of the State Department under John Foster Dulles; the Suez crisis. [RDC]

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The National Security Council, its function and processes; the national budget; "massive retaliation;" the decision-making process; relationships between the Executive branches of government, especially between the State and Defense Departments; foreign aid; John Foster Dulles's participation in military discussions; Quemoy-Matsu and the Formosa Resolution; John Foster Dulles's views on the containment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the Arab-Israeli conflict; the Aswan Dam proposal; John Foster Dulles's relations with the President; the Geneva Summit conference (the "Open Skies" proposal). [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's office staff in the Department of State; his working habits in the office, at home, and on trips; office routines and procedures. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with State Department personnel (the decision-making process, his use of expertise); Trieste; the Austrian State Treaty; the Suez conference; Anglo-American relations; the campaign controversy on "containment;" John Foster Dulles as an administrator. [PAC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles's relations with the press; the "brinkmanship" article in Life magazine; the writing of John Foster Dulles: 1888-1959. [RDC]

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Personal and official relations with John Foster Dulles; the Girard case; the office and function of the Legal Adviser; the Interhandel case; John Foster Dulles's working habits, his use of words, working relations with State Department personnel; his relations with world leaders; Suez; John Foster Dulles's relations with the President; his relations with the press. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's involvement with religious organizations concerned with the role of the church in international affairs during the late 1930's and early 1940's; his relations with church leaders; his views on world affairs and his interest in politics in the 1940's; changes in his outlook and viewpoints in the 1950's. [RDC]

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The United States Information Agency; the Bureau of Public Affairs and the problems within its purview; John Foster Dulles's relations with the press; his public image; his views on certain world leaders; Suez; Anglo-American relations; German-American relations. [PAC]

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Viet Nam (United States intervention after the fall of Dien Bien Phu); Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); U-2, detailed discussion of the program's development and operation; Suez; official relations between Foster and Allen Dulles and between the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the State Department; the McCarthy era; Guatemala; Cuba; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) participation in National Security Council meetings; relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). [RDC]

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Post-war Germany; the Marshall Plan; John Foster Dulles's relations with previous Secretaries of State; the new Republican administration in 1953 (morale in the State Department and Foreign Service, McCarthyism); Ambassador Bohlen's appointment to the Embassy in Moscow; John Foster Dulles's attitudes toward Communism and neutrality; his working techniques; United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) relations; Summit conferences; Sputnik. [PAC]

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American-German relations; John Foster Dulles's views on the East-West confrontation in Europe; the Berlin crisis and the Krushchev ultimatum; the "agent" theory; the Suez-Hungarian crises; the role of Eleanor Dulles in United States-Berlin affairs. [CAG]

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The 1944 and 1948 presidential campaigns and John Foster Dulles's role as Thomas Dewey's foreign policy adviser; John Foster Dulles's views on World War II; the Eisenhower campaign of 1952; John Foster Dulles's appointment as Secretary of State; his relationship with Eisenhower; his relations with the Cabinet; official relations between the Justice and State Departments; security problems and McCarthyism; John Foster Dulles's relations with Senators Vandenberg and Taft. [RDC]

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Wall Street connections with John Foster Dulles in the 1920's; the Council on Foreign Relations; John Foster Dulles's interest in finance, administration, international affairs, etc., in the 1920's and 1930's; relations between the State Department and the Bureau of the Budget; John Foster Dulles in Cabinet and National Security Council meetings. [RDC]

The Council on Foreign Relations (the Council) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research and national membership organization dedicated to promoting improved understanding of international affairs and to contributing ideas to United States foreign policy. The Council has had a large impact in the development of twentieth century United States foreign policy. Its membership has historically been drawn from those in business, government and academia recognized as the nation's opinion leaders in international relations; membership is by invitation only. The Council's basic constituency is its members, but it also reaches out to a wider audience through its publications, Committees on Foreign Relations, Corporate Program, and media efforts, so as to contribute to the national dialogue on foreign policy.

The Studies Department spearheads the Council on Foreign Relation's efforts to promote informed discussion on issues shaping the international agenda and defines the Council's function as a foreign policy research organization. This "think tank" has played a vital role in the Council since its incorporation in the 1920s. The department includes a large number of scholars and research associates who engage each other, Council members, and non-affiliated individuals in research on topics and regions related to United States foreign policy, which historically have included topics such as international trade, arms control, and economic development, and regions such as the former Soviet Union, the Middle East, and Latin America, to name a few. The Studies program produces articles, books, policy reports and papers to disseminate the research undertaken by staff and members.

For a fuller history on the Council on Foreign Relations, see the finding aid for the Council on Foreign Relations Records located at http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/gb19f5814 , Peter Grose's Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921-1996 , located at http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/ and Michael Wala's The Council on Foreign Relations and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War (Providence: Berghahn Books, 1994).

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John Foster Dulles's family in NY during 1930s; John Foster Dulles's trip to Europe in 1953; the Marshall Plan; Italy; McCarthyism; India (foreign aid, Pakistan, Red China, non-Alignment; policy of containment. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's interest in and understanding of military affairs; "massive retaliation;" Communist China; the Suez crisis; John Foster Dulles's relations with the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Quemoy-Matsu; Lebanon; John Foster Dulles's relations with the President; his participation in National Security Council meetings. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's role in bipartisan foreign policy; the London Conference of 1945. [RDC]

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Latin American relations; the Panama Canal Zone Treaty; the Caracas Conference; John Foster Dulles's staff meetings; McCarthyism and morale in the Foreign Service. [PAC]

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ANZUS and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and Far Eastern relations; the Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indo-China; John Foster Dulles's views on neutrality; the Suez crisis; John Foster Dulles's working schedule as Secretary of State; recognition of Red China; Indonesia; Nationalist China; "Brinkmanship." [SD]

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The Baghdad Pact and the Northern Tier; the Eisenhower Doctrine; John Foster Dulles's foreign policy; Suez; Lebanese-Egyptian relations; detailed discussion of the US intervention in Lebanon; Lebanese-Israeli relations. [BW]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; Nationalist China's relations with Japan; the Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and Nationalist China; the off-shore islands crisis; the evacuation of the Tachen Islands; the policies of the Eisenhower-Dulles administration. [SD]

In Chinese and English.

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The Mutual Security Pact between the United States and Korea; John Foster Dulles's visit to Korea in 1950; the Korean armistice; United States aid to Korea; Japanese-Korean relations; relations between John Foster Dulles and Syngman Rhee; Rhee's release of the prisoners of war; the Geneva Conference and Korean reunification; Korean rehabilitation; "massive retaliation."[SD]

In Korean and English.

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The Foreign Ministers Conference in Moscow, 1947; post-war Germany; John Foster Dulles's relations with foreign statesmen; Eisenhower's nomination and his first meeting with John Foster Dulles; Eisenhower's Cabinet appointments; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and European unity; John Foster Dulles's relations with Eisenhower; his views on the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with Adenauer and other German officials; the German elections of 1953; the Berlin Conference of 1954; European Defense Community; United States relations with the British, French, and Germans; the Radford Plan and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); the Western European alliance; the Hungarian uprising and the Suez crisis; John Foster Dulles's relations with United States Ambassadors; McCarthyism and security risks; John Foster Dulles's relations with the President; the Summit conference of 1955. [GAC]

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John Foster Dulles's senatorial campaign; his relations, as Secretary of State, with the Senate; the United States delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in 1950; the Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles's interest in party politics; his relations with Eisenhower; the Bricker Amendment; India (Goa, Pakistan, non-alignment, aid); John Foster Dulles as an administrator (the policy-making process); Chinese expansion. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's senatorial campaign; Thomas Dewey's presidential campaign of 1948 (the Italian vote); McCarthyism and its effect in the State Department; the Refugee Act and its administration. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's involvement in European problems prior to 1953; his religious background; the Aswan Dam proposal and the Suez crisis; Viet Nam; John Foster Dulles's relations with French Statesmen; Franco-American relations; John Foster Dulles as a negotiator; his relations with the British; the Berlin ultimatum. [PAC]

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The San Francisco Conference of 1945; the Presidential campaign of 1948; Swedish-American relations; Scandinavia and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); security problems in the Department of State and morale of the Foreign Service; Indonesia (independence, West Irian, Sukarno's state visit to the United States; John Foster Dulles's visit to Djakarta); John Foster Dulles's relations with United States Ambassadors and State Department personnel; the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Intelligence Area in the State Department; staff meetings. [PAC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles as negotiator at the United Nations; the Suez and Hungarian crises; United States-Mexican relations (oil expropriation, the Chamizal, etc.); Latin American affairs (communist infiltration and United States intervention, Guatemala, Cuba). [RDC]

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New York State politics in the 1930's; John Foster Dulles's views on foreign policy in the 1940's; his work for the churches; the presidential campaigns of 1944 and 1948 and John Foster Dulles's role as adviser; the Republican convention and Presidential campaign of 1952; the Eisenhower administration; John Foster Dulles's term as Senator and his senatorial campaign. [RDC]

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The presidential campaign of 1948; Franco-American relations in the 1950's; European Defense Community and European unity; John Foster Dulles's relations with European statesmen; Viet Nam; detailed discussion of the Suez crisis from the French point of view; John Foster Dulles's economic policies, foreign aid; the role of United States ambassadors. [RDC]

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The "brinkmanship" article in Life magazine; Duck Island; John Foster Dulles's relations with the press; his public image; the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Red China; John Foster Dulles's Assistant Secretaries for Public Affairs; the writing of Inside Story; John Foster Dulles's role at Cabinet meetings; his relations with the President. [RDC]

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The writing of Duel at the Brink; John Foster Dulles as Thomas Dewey's adviser; his relations with President Eisenhower; Quemoy-Matsu; the Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles as Senator (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) treaty); his relations with the press; recognition of Red China; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State and his concept of the office. [RDC]

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Childhood in New York City and Long Island; John Foster Dulles's special interests and tastes; sailing cruises with John Foster Dulles on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence; instruction and direction from John Foster Dulles; John Foster Dulles's intellectual, political, and religious philosophies; trips to Europe; John Foster Dulles's views on Christianity and Catholicism; his senatorial campaign; his tastes in literature, art, music, etc. [PAC]

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Personal associations with the Dulles family; John Foster Dulles's leisure interests; his talents as a lawyer; his personal friends; his senatorial campaign. [RDC]

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Personal associations with John Foster Dulles; his career as a lawyer; his pre- and post-war political views; his background in international affairs; his views on Germany. [RDC]

Ferdinand Eberstadt (1890-1969) was a prominent Wall Street investment banker who also served in several government posts throughout his career. During World War II, he organized the production and distribution of supplies to the United States military through his work with the Army-Navy Munitions Board and the War Production Board, and he was subsequently involved in plans for the reorganization of the armed services and in the development of post-war economic policies. He was also involved with the Reparations Conference in Paris in 1929, the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, the National Security Resources Board, and the Hoover Commission on Government Reorganization.

Eberstadt was born in New York City on June 19, 1890 to Edward F. and Elenita Eberstadt. He earned his A.B. degree from Princeton University in 1913 and then studied political economy in Berlin, Munich, and Paris for a year. Eberstadt returned to the United States in 1914, enrolling in Columbia University Law School. He interrupted his studies to serve in the armed forces, first on the Mexican border and once the United States entered World War I, serving in France as a lieutenant. He was later promoted to the rank of captain. After the end of his military service, Eberstadt returned to Columbia University, where he received his LL.B. in 1917. Eberstadt married Mary Van Arsdale Tongue of New York City in 1919 and they had four children: Frances (Unnerstall), Mary (Harper), Ann (Cannell), and Frederick.

Eberstadt was admitted to the New York State Bar in 1919 and began his career at Wall Street that same year with the law firm McAdoo, Cotton & Franklin. He was made a partner when Williams Gibbs McAdoo left and the firm was re-organized as Cotton & Franklin. While at Cotton & Franklin, he was assigned to advise the investment banking firm of Dillon, Read & Company. His advice proved so valuable to the company that they hired him, as a partner, in 1925. While there, he was instrumental in facilitating the 1928 merger of Dodge and Chrysler, and worked successfully with big foreign loans. He sold his partnership in the company in 1928.

Eberstadt entered public service for the first time in 1929, when he was appointed to serve as assistant to Owen D. Young at the Paris Reparations Conference because of his knowledge of German finance. Upon returning to the United States, he was a partner in the investment banking firm of Otis & Company of Cleveland and New York for a brief time before founding his own brokerage firm, F. Eberstadt & Company, in 1931. He achieved success dDuring the dDepression he by specializeding in small stock and bond issues, and h. His company became well respected , known for underwriting the public offerings of carefully selected new companies and for arranging mergers. Eberstadt was also a pioneer in the field of mutual funds, founding the successful Chemical Fund in 1938 and serving as chairman of the board until his death in 1969. Throughout his career on Wall Street, Eberstadt became was highly regarded as both an innovator and a critic, especially of Wall Street's insularity, as well as the practices of its member firms.

During the 1940s, Eberstadt served several key roles in the nation's defense. In 1941, he was asked by James V. Forrestal, who had also been a partner at Dillion, Read & Company, to conduct a study of the machine tool industry and determine how it might be prepared for war. This led to a study of the entire production front, and Eberstadt's subsequent appointment in 1942 as Chairman of the Army and Navy Munitions Board, the agency in charge of the procurement and distribution of supplies to the armed services. In four months, he increased machine tool production, a major bottleneck, by thirty percent. When the Board was merged with the War Production Board later that year, Eberstadt was appointed Vice-Chairman of the War Production Board, in which capacity he had charge of procuring and allocating raw materials to war factories. He resigned in 1943, after five months in the position, when it was determined that the Board would operate more efficiently with one chairman.

In 1945, Eberstadt was asked again by James V. Forrestal to prepare a report, this time on the unification of the armed services. The "Eberstadt Plan" became the basis for the Armed Forces Unification Act, under which Forrestal was appointed Secretary of Defense. Eberstadt also wrote the foundation for the National Security Act of 1947. In 1946, Eberstadt was appointed by Bernard Baruch, the United States Representative on the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, to serve as one of his four assistants. In this capacity, Eberstadt wrote much of the Baruch Plan for the control of atomic energy production. In 1948, he returned once again to Washington to work with the National Security Resources Board to develop a general mobilization plan. He served as an advisor to Arthur M. Hill, chairman of the board, to prepare an organization plan to insure the maximum utilization of the nation's industrial and civilian resources in the event of war and to draft legislation to put it into effect. Eberstadt also served as a member of the Hoover Commission on the Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, becoming Chairman of the Commission's Committee on the National Security Organization in 1949.

For the remainder of his career, Eberstadt was primarily focused on his investment firm, but he often returned to Washington to serve as a consultant on economic and defense matters to various government agencies. Eberstadt died on November 11, 1969 at the age of 79.

1929 Assistant to Owen D. Young, Reparations Conference, Paris 1942 Chairman, Army and Navy Munitions Board 1942 Program Vice Chairman, War Productions Board 1945 Prepared the "Eberstadt Report" for the Secretary of the Navy, James V. Forrestal 1946 Assistant to Bernard M. Baruch, United Nations Atomic Energy Commission 1948 Prepared a Report on Operations of the National Security Resources Board 1949 Chairman, Commission on National Security Organization of the Herbert Hoover Commission 1958 Consultant, Department of Defense Reorganization

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The Dulles family history and traditions; recollections of childhood and family life in Watertown, Henderson Harbor, and Washington; John Foster Dulles's earliest professional interests; his education and study in Europe; his engagement and marriage; his early career; his work with the churches; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State. [RDC]

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Detailed discussion of Latin American affairs (economic aid, the policy of collective intervention); John Foster Dulles's relations with the President; the Advisory Council on Organization, its work and recommendations; working relations with John Foster Dulles. [PAC]

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Childhood recollections of John Foster Dulles; family and personal relations with the Dulleses; working relations with Mr. and Mrs. Dulles; John Foster Dulles's senatorial campaign; the Eisenhower campaign; members of the Dulles family; Duck Island; John Foster Dulles's views concerning women. [RDC]

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Professional Association on the New York State Banking Board in 1933; observations about John Foster Dulles's personality, his approach to the law and foreign relations, and his attitude toward work and relaxation. [RDC]

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The Dulles family in Michigan; John Foster Dulles as Senator; the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) treaty; Senator Vandenberg; the Philippines; disarmament; Senator McCarthy; communism; the Bricker Amendment; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State and his relations with the Senate. [PAC]

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The Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations; associations with John Foster Dulles in the Rockefeller Foundation. [RDC]

Raymond Blaine Fosdick (1883-1972) was a lawyer, public servant, and author. He was born in Buffalo, New York to parents Frank and Amie. Fosdick attended Princeton University, receiving his undergraduate degree in 1905 and a graduate degree in 1906. He continued his studies at New York Law School, where he earned his LL.B. while concurrently working at the Henry Street Settlement on New York City's Lower East Side.

After graduating from law school in 1908, Fosdick served as Commissioner of Accounts for the city of New York from 1910 to 1913. He investigated city and county government in an effort to rid New York of corrupt politicians and corporations participating in illegal activities.

On January 1, 1913, Fosdick was retained by the Bureau of Social Hygiene, funded by John D. Rockefeller, Sr., to make a comprehensive study of all aspects of police administration and work in Europe. His travels in Europe in 1913 were the basis for his book European Police Systems, published in February 1915. From 1915 to 1916, Fosdick was a member of the New York City Board of Education, an organization that concentrated on the development of educational facilities.

Upon the United States' entry into World War I, Mr. Fosdick was released by the Bureau to take the chairmanship of the Commission on Training Camp Activities of the Army and Navy Department. The goal of this department was to keep morale high among soldiers stationed at home and abroad. It sponsored activities that promoted health, athletics, and recreation in order to "conserve the vitality of the men." Various rules and regulations were established by the Department that prohibited prostitution, gambling, and alcohol. In this role, Fosdick worked closely with organizations such as the Young Men's Christian Association and the Red Cross.

During part of this period, Fosdick was also a special representative of the War Department in France and a civilian aide to General Pershing during the Paris Peace Conference. In 1919 and 1920, Fosdick served as Under Secretary General for the League of Nations until it became clear that the United States was not going to ratify the League of Nations covenant. He returned to the Bureau of Social Hygiene and resumed his work on police systems in the United States, publishing American Police Systems in 1920.

From 1920 through 1936, Fosdick was part of the Curtis, Fosdick, and Belknap law firm. In 1921, he became a board member at the Rockefeller Foundation. Fosdick also became a member of the General Education Board and the International Education Board in 1922 and 1923, respectively. In 1933, he was commissioned by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. to study alcohol regulation, which resulted in the book Toward Liquor Control published that same year.

Fosdick was elected president of the Rockefeller Foundation and assumed the position on July 1, 1936. Under Fosdick's leadership, the organization contributed to medical research, developments in agriculture, and programs in the humanities and social sciences. Fosdick worked at the Rockefeller Foundation until 1948. In his retirement, Fosdick authored a book about the organization, 1952's The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation.

Fosdick wrote many other books over the course of his lifetime, including an autobiography, Chronicle of a Generation, which was published in 1958. He was the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including the title of Commander in the French Legion of Honor. Raymond Fosdick died in Newtown, Connecticut at age 89.

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Personal associations with the Dulles Family; John Foster Dulles's participation in the Council on Foreign Relations; John Foster Dulles's relations with his advisers; the doctrine of "massive retaliation;" John Foster Dulles's post-war political views; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State. [RDC]

The Council on Foreign Relations (the Council) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research and national membership organization dedicated to promoting improved understanding of international affairs and to contributing ideas to United States foreign policy. The Council has had a large impact in the development of twentieth century United States foreign policy. Its membership has historically been drawn from those in business, government and academia recognized as the nation's opinion leaders in international relations; membership is by invitation only. The Council's basic constituency is its members, but it also reaches out to a wider audience through its publications, Committees on Foreign Relations, Corporate Program, and media efforts, so as to contribute to the national dialogue on foreign policy.

The Studies Department spearheads the Council on Foreign Relation's efforts to promote informed discussion on issues shaping the international agenda and defines the Council's function as a foreign policy research organization. This "think tank" has played a vital role in the Council since its incorporation in the 1920s. The department includes a large number of scholars and research associates who engage each other, Council members, and non-affiliated individuals in research on topics and regions related to United States foreign policy, which historically have included topics such as international trade, arms control, and economic development, and regions such as the former Soviet Union, the Middle East, and Latin America, to name a few. The Studies program produces articles, books, policy reports and papers to disseminate the research undertaken by staff and members.

For a fuller history on the Council on Foreign Relations, see the finding aid for the Council on Foreign Relations Records located at http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/gb19f5814 , Peter Grose's Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921-1996 , located at http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/ and Michael Wala's The Council on Foreign Relations and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War (Providence: Berghahn Books, 1994).

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The Soviet Union and Eastern European Affairs; the Hungarian and Polish crises; Yugoslavia; John Foster Dulles's mode of working and use of the State Department staff; the "liberation of captive peoples;" Sputnik; changes in policy toward the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) between 1953 and 1958; signs of the Sino-Soviet split; John Foster Dulles's views on Summit meetings; the Berlin crisis; Lebanon; John Foster Dulles's negotiations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). [PAC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; the Aswan Dam proposal; the Eisenhower Doctrine; foreign aid programs; John Foster Dulles's relations with the Senate; McCarthy; communism. [PAC]

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The Geneva Conference of 1954; the Japanese Peace Treaty (reparations); Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Pacific Charter; United States-Philippine relations (the mutual security pact, War Damage Act, loans, state visit to the United States, American bases in the Philippines and criminal jurisdiction); the San Francisco Conference of 1954. [SD]

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Project Solarium; John Foster Dulles's interest in and understanding of military affairs ("massive retaliation"); the "Third World" and the Sino-Soviet split; collective European defense; John Foster Dulles's relations with the President and a comparison of their viewpoints on policy; the decision-making process in foreign policy (major areas of concentration, basic problems); Summit conferences; the "Open Skies" proposal; John Foster Dulles's role in the Cabinet and National Security Council meetings; his relations with the White House staff; Viet Nam; European Defense Community; Formosa; Suez. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles as an undergraduate at Princeton University; social contacts with John Foster Dulles in the late 1940's and early 1950's; John Foster Dulles's senatorial campaign; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; a detailed account of his visit to Jordan in 1953; McCarthyism and the State Department; United States relations with Jordan; official relations with John Foster Dulles; the fiftieth reunion of the Princeton Class of 1908. [PAC]

Joseph Coy Green was a history scholar and diplomat. Born in 1887 in Cincinnati, Ohio, Green graduated from Princeton University in 1908. He became a fellow in Princeton's history department after graduation and returned to the university in 1920 as a professor in the history and politics departments. He left Princeton for a position at the United States Department of State, where he worked between 1930 and 1952. He was appointed Ambassador to Jordan in 1952. Green died in 1978.

The College of New Jersey was initially chartered in 1746. The first classes were held in Elizabeth, New Jersey, in the parsonage of the president, the Reverend Jonathan Dickinson. Upon his death, the College moved to Newark, New Jersey, and was headed by the Reverend Aaron Burr, Sr. Since 1756, the College has been located in Princeton, New Jersey. For the first fifty years, nearly all College operations took place within Nassau Hall. Fires, fundraising difficulties, low student enrollment, and the Civil War challenged the vitality of the College in the early and middle nineteenth century, but the College grew vigorously under the leadership of President James McCosh, and it was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The Graduate School was established in 1900, although a limited graduate program had existed since the 1870s. Princeton enthusiastically supported the country (living up to its informal motto, "Princeton in the Nation's Service") during the First and Second World Wars, offering the expertise of faculty and campus space for training, as well as facilitating the early graduation of students so they could enlist. The post-World War II years brought dramatic changes to Princeton. The size and strength of the University's facilities and academic programs—especially for the applied sciences and public policy—were increased dramatically. Under President Robert Goheen, Princeton began to admit minority students in greater numbers in the 1960s and admitted women undergraduates in 1969. Today, Princeton is widely regarded as one of the top universities in the world.

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The 1948 presidential campaign and John Foster Dulles's role as Thomas Dewey's adviser; the United Nations (Genocide Convention, the Bricker Amendment, the "Uniting for Peace" resolution, Korea, admission of Red China, the Security Council, etc.); John Foster Dulles as negotiator; the Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles's relations with the Truman administration; Far Eastern affairs; the National Council of Churches; disarmament. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's senatorial campaign; the State Department under the new Republican administration in 1953; John Foster Dulles's interest in partisan politics; his relations with the President; Eisenhower's presidential campaigns; problems in the administration of the State Department. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles negotiator; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); the Moscow conference of 1945 and negotiations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the reunification of Germany; Berlin; German-American relations; negotiations with the British; the Berlin ultimatum; European Defense Community. [GAC]

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John Foster Dulles's trip to the Near East in 1953; the Northern Tier concept and the Baghdad Pact; Palestine; John Foster Dulles's feelings about non-alignment; the Wriston plan; McCarthyism; morale in the State Department; the Aswan Dam and the Suez crisis. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with the President; Cabinet and NSA meetings; John Foster Dulles's manner of presentation; his relations with the Secretary of Defense; the President's speeches and the State of the Union address; foreign aid; Congress; John Foster Dulles's relations with the White House staff; his working methods. [RDC]

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Early business relations with John Foster Dulles in New York City; the San Francisco Conference of 1945; post-war relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); Alger Hiss; John Foster Dulles's feelings about becoming Secretary of State; the "liberation" policy and Hungary; public debates with John Foster Dulles; John Foster Dulles and domestic politics; the "unleashing" of Chiang Kai-shek; John Foster Dulles's relations with Congress; Senator Vandenberg; the Japanese Peace Treaty; foreign aid; Germany; bipartisanship. [PAC]

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Detailed account of cruising with John Foster Dulles and his family from 1931 to 1958; the Menemsha; the Dulles family; Duck Island; John Foster Dulles's health; his senatorial campaign. [PAC]

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Sullivan & Cromwell; John Foster Dulles as a lawyer; his early interest in international relations; John Foster Dulles as an administrator; his views of the office of Secretary of State; his interest in politics. [RDC]

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Official and personal associations with John Foster Dulles; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; Canadian-American relations; trade with the Communist bloc; McCarthyism; John Foster Dulles and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Suez. [RDC]

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The Versailles Peace Conference; the Dewey presidential campaigns; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; his relations with his advisers; his relations with the President; his legal training; National Security Council and Cabinet meetings; German reunification, the East-West confrontations; Berlin (the Krushchev ultimatum). [RDC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; United States Asian policy; John Foster Dulles's interest in the administration of the State Department; his relations with Congress and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; ambassadorial appointments; the "off-shore islands" resolution; foreign aid; Korea. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles as Thomas Dewey's foreign affairs adviser; his relations with the press, before and after he became Secretary of State; the Moscow conference in 1947; the London conferences of 1945 and 1947; the Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles's early concern about the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); his views on the United Nations; his association with President Eisenhower; McCarthyism in the State Department; John Foster Dulles's views on the Far East (Korea, Formosa); the Summit meeting of 1957; Suez; John Foster Dulles's public statements; comparison of John Foster Dulles and other Secretaries of State; the Yalta Papers; Summit meetings; John Foster Dulles's accomplishments as Secretary of State. [PAC]

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Early recollections of her father in Washington during the first World War; family homes and family life in New York and Long Island; schooling; religion, vacations (sailing, sports, games); trips to Europe; John Foster Dulles's ideas about women; his interest in the arts. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with the British; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; his relations with the Foreign Service; Trieste, French North Africa; Franco-American relations; European Defense Community; the black African colonies and preparations for independence; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (the report of "The Three Wise Men"); the administration of the State Department. [PAC]

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Policy differences between the Truman-Acheson and Eisenhower-Dulles administrations; Eisenhower's campaign speeches; relations between John Foster Dulles and the President; the Far East; the Bricker Amendment; John Foster Dulles's relations with Congress; McCarthyism and morale in the State Department; John Foster Dulles's mode of working; Suez; relations with the British. [RDC]

Emmet John Hughes was born in Newark, New Jersey on December 26, 1920, the son of John L. and Grace (Freeman) Hughes. He graduated summa cum laude in 1941 from Princeton University and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. His senior thesis, The Church and the Liberal Society (1944), was published by the Princeton University Press and was a Catholic Book Club selection.

He enlisted in the army during his first year of graduate studies at Columbia University. While in the army (1942-1946), he served as a press attachè with the United States Embassy at Madrid and with the Office of Strategic Services and Office of War Information in Spain.

Time-Life International appointed him bureau chief in Rome from 1947 to 1948 and then transferred him for a one-year assignment in Berlin. In 1949 he moved to the New York offices of Time-Life, Inc. His positions included articles editor for Life (1949-1953), Time-Life International special European correspondent (1953-1956), editor of Fortune (1956-1957), and Time-Life International chief foreign correspondent (1957-1960). Later he was a Newsweek columnist and editorial consultant (1963-1968). He retired from the board of editors of Fortune magazine in 1982.

Hughes was an aide and speechwriter for Dwight D. Eisenhower during various leaves of absence from Time-Life, Inc. He drafted speeches for Eisenhower's 1952 and 1956 campaigns and served as administrative assistant to Eisenhower in 1953. He wrote the "I shall go to Korea" speech which is credited with sealing Eisenhower's 1952 victory. Hughes accompanied the president-elect on this promised trip to Korea.

Hughes wrote several books on the presidency, including America The Vincible (1959) which criticized the Eisenhower administration and ended his friendship with the president. This book led to his position as the political advisor for the Rockefeller family from 1960-1963. He subsequently worked as a political advisor and speechwriter for Governor Nelson Rockefeller during his unsuccessful presidential bid in 1968.

Hughes authored other books, including Report from Spain (1947) based on his experience during his military service there, The Ordeal of Power: A Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years (1963), and The Living Presidency: The Resources and Dilemmas of American Presidential Office (1973).

Hughes served as professor of political science at the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University from 1970 until he died from a heart attack on September 18, 1982 at the age of 61.

Hughes had a son John with his first wife Mariefrances Pfeiffer whom he married while living in Spain. He had two daughters, Mary Larkin and Kathleen Freeman with Eileen Lanouette with whom he worked at Time-Life in New York and wed December 24, 1951. He later married Katherine Nouri with whom he had two daughters, Caitlin and Johanna.

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The Helena cruise; policy differences between the State and Treasury Departments; national economic policy; the atom bomb and defense policy ("massive retaliation" and "brinkmanship"); foreign trade and tariffs; the Aswan Dam proposal and the Suez crisis; the Cabinet; the Bricker Amendment. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles as a lawyer; his involvement in politics (the Dewey presidential campaigns); John Foster Dulles and Jewish interests (charges of anti-semitism, Israeli negotiations); John Foster Dulles as spokesman for the Republican stand on foreign policy; the Eisenhower campaign; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; his relations with Congress; Soviet containment and disarmament; John Foster Dulles's handling of economic questions. [PAC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles and the British; the "positive loyalty" speech; John Foster Dulles's interest in domestic politics; Korea; his relations with President Eisenhower; his interest in administration (Reduction in force, security cases, morale in the State Department); his travels; the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs; the Geneva conference of 1954; detailed discussion of talks with the Communist Chinese; Indo-China; Southeast Asia (Thailand, Viet Nam, Laos, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)). [PAC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; Korea; admission of Red China to the United Nations; the rearmament of Japan; Far Eastern policy; personal and official relations with John Foster Dulles; the Solarium Study; United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) relations; John Foster Dulles's relations with Congress; his views on "liberation" and "roll-back;" the McCarthy period in the State Department; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Suez. [RDC]

George F. Kennan (1904-2005) was a diplomat and a historian, noted especially for his influence on United States policy towards the Soviet Union during the Cold War and for his scholarly expertise in the areas of Russian history and foreign policy. While with the Foreign Service, Kennan advocated a policy of "containment" that influenced United States relations with the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War and served in various positions in European embassies, as well as ambassador to the Soviet Union. His career as a historian was spent at the Institute for Advanced Study, where he continued to analyze the history of Russia, Soviet Union and United States foreign policies, and foreign affairs.

Kennan was educated at St. John's Northwestern Military Academy in Delafield, Wisconsin and earned his B.A. degree at Princeton University in 1925, where he studied history with an emphasis on modern European diplomacy. Following graduation, he entered the Foreign Service. His first post was as vice consul in Geneva, and in the next year he was transferred to Hamburg, Germany. In 1928, Kennan entered a training program though the Foreign Service, studying Russian language, history and culture at Berlin University. The United States did not yet have diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, and so Kennan was assigned to "listening posts" around the U.S.S.R. in Tallinn, Estonia (1927) and in Riga, Latvia and Kaunas, Lithuania (1931-1933).

His first assignment in Moscow came in 1933 under William C. Bullitt, the first United States ambassador to the Soviet Union, aiding in the establishment of diplomatic relations between Washington and the Kremlin for the first time since 1917. He held positions as third secretary from 1933 to 1934, second secretary from 1935 to 1936, and from 1944 to 1946, minister-counselor (the second highest rank at the embassy), first under W. Averell Harriman and then under General Walter Bedell Smith. During this period, he was also appointed to positions in Vienna (1935), Prague (1938), Berlin (1939), Lisbon (1942), and London (1944). Kennan was detained in Berlin for five months after United States' entry into World War II.

Kennan rose to prominence in February 1946 when he wrote what became known as the "Long Telegram." Written in response to an inquiry from the U.S. Treasury regarding Moscow's refusal to support the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, the telegram outlined Kennan's assessment of the psychology of the leaders of the Soviet Union and provided principles on which the United States should base policies towards the Soviet Union. Kennan wrote that Stalin was "impervious to the logic of reason but highly sensitive to the logic of force," by which he meant primarily diplomatic and economic force more so than military. The telegram resonated in Washington, D.C.--although the interpretation of the Soviet threat became predominantly described as a military one--and Kennan became an influential figure in the State Department on Soviet affairs. Kennan further developed his views in "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" published under the pseudonym X in Foreign Affairs in July 1947. In this article, he used the term "containment" to describe his philosophy for dealing with the spread of Soviet power and influence. Again, this was interpreted by others in Washington as a military strategy, although Kennan intended it to be primarily achieved through diplomacy, economic sanctions, and covert action--anything short of war. Containment became one of the primary rationales for United States' Cold War policies, including the Marshall Plan, the founding of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in 1949, the commitment of American forces in Southeast Asia in 1965, and the Reagan administration arms buildup during the 1980s.

In April 1946, Kennan returned to Washington, D.C., where he taught at the National War College, and in 1947, he was appointed director of the Policy Planning Staff in the State Department. In this capacity, he was a principle architect of the Marshall Plan, which sent billions of dollars of aid to help rebuild Western Europe following World War II. When Dean Acheson became Secretary of State in 1949, Kennan remained in the State Department as one of his principal advisors. However, during this period Kennan became increasingly critical of United States policy, especially the military interpretation of containment and the entry of UN troops into North Korea, and so in 1950 Kennan took a leave of absence to devote himself to research and scholarship at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.

Kennan returned to the State Department in March 1952 when President Harry S. Truman appointed him Ambassador to the U.S.S.R. The assignment was short-lived, however. Kept under heavy surveillance by the Soviets, in October 1952 he compared conditions to those he suffered under his Nazi internment during World War II, and the Soviet government declared him persona non grata, which forced his return to the United States. Because of policy differences between Kennan and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles (who found containment too passive), Dulles employed a technicality to force Kennan's retirement from the State Department in 1953.

He returned to the Institute for Advanced Study, where he became a professor in the School of Historical Studies in 1956. Kennan became a prolific and respected diplomatic historian, studying modern European and Russian history, international relations, and American foreign policy and diplomacy. He also remained an important, often critical, voice in the ongoing debate about American foreign policy, advocating the use of diplomacy rather than military force and for foreign policy that was "very modest and restrained." Kennan was critical of the buildup of conventional and nuclear weapons during the arms race, which many argued for in the name of containment. He also advocated against military involvement in Vietnam, indicating that it was not an area of the world critical to American security. Later in his career, Kennan became a supporter of Russian and Soviet studies in the United States, identifying scholarship as a productive means to establish favorable relations with Moscow.

Over the course of his career, Kennan wrote numerous influential and critically acclaimed books, including American Diplomacy 1900-1950 (1951), Russia Leaves the War (1956), Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin (1961), two volumes of memoirs (1967, 1972), The Decline of Bismarck's European Order (1979), The Nuclear Delusion (1982), and Around the Cragged Hill (1993). He won two Pulitzer Prizes, one for Russia Leaves the War and the other for the first volume of his memoirs. Though he remained at the Institute for Advanced Study until his retirement in 1974, Kennan did return to government service briefly on two occasions, as ambassador to Yugoslavia from 1961 until 1963 for President John F. Kennedy and traveling to Switzerland in 1967 as a representative for the State Department to help convince Svetlana Alliluyeva, the daughter of Josef Stalin, to immigrate to the United States.

George Frost Kennan was born on February 16, 1904 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Kossuth Kent Kennan, a lawyer, and Florence (James) Kennan. He met Annelise Sorensen of Norway while studying in Berlin and they married in 1931. The Kennans had four children: Grace Kennan Warnecke, Joan Kennan, Wendy Kennan, and Christopher J. Kennan. Through the course of his career, Kennan was the recipient of many honors for his work in the field of international affairs, including the Albert Einstein Peace Prize (1981), the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade (1982), the Gold Medal in History of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters (1984), the FDR Freedom from Fear Award (1987), and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1989, the highest civilian honor in the United States). George Kennan died on March 17, 2005 in Princeton, New Jersey at the age of 101.

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Personal associations with John Foster Dulles; Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); the 1954 Geneva Conference on Indo-China and Korea; the Communist threat to Thailand; the Quemoy-Matsu crisis; the United Nations and the "Uniting for Peace" Resolution. [SD]

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Moscow conference of 1947; Jerusalem; Jordan River; Aswan Dam; morale in State Department; McCarthyism; relations with Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Khrushchev, Sputnik, disarmament; Berlin); John Foster Dulles's mode of operating and use of State Department expertise. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles as an undergraduate at Princeton University; the Versailles Peace Conference; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; his relations with Congress; Woodrow Wilson; personal relations and correspondence with John Foster Dulles; his relations with the press. [PAC]

Arthur Krock (1886-1974) had a long and distinguished career as a journalist, working for much of his career as Washington correspondent and columnist for The New York Times. His column "In the Nation" was noted for its depth of information and analysis, especially on American politics. Krock also worked as a reporter and editor at several Louisville newspapers and the New York World.

Arthur Krock was born on November 16, 1886 in Glasgow, Kentucky to Joseph and Caroline (Morris) Krock. He began study at Princeton University in 1904, but was forced to leave after his first semester due to the financial difficulties of his family. He then attended college at the Lewis Institute in Chicago for two years, earning an Associate in Arts degree in 1906, and returned to Louisville with the intention of securing a newspaper job. He was hired as a reporter at the Louisville Herald, where he covered the national political conventions at Chicago and Denver, his first experience reporting on national politics, after which he was assigned to cover Kentucky politics. Krock had to leave the Herald in 1908 when the newspaper reorganized and worked briefly as a deputy sheriff in Jefferson Country, Kentucky before becoming night editor for the Associated Press in Louisville.

In 1910, Krock went to Washington, D.C. for the first time as Washington correspondent for the Louisville Times. In 1911, he became Washington correspondent for the Louisville Courier-Journal as well, both papers being edited and partly owned by the same man. In 1915, Krock returned to Louisville to serve as editorial manager on both papers, working for Colonel Henry Watterson. Krock traveled to France for the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, where he wrote syndicated articles for several newspapers and was one of the journalists who convinced the Peace Conference to open its sessions to the public. Krock was made an officer in the French Legion of Honor for his coverage of the conference.

Krock became editor in chief of the Louisville Times in 1919, which was purchased by Judge Robert W. Bingham. He took time off to assist the chairman of the Democratic National Committee of New York in 1920, the only time in his career that he participated directly in politics. Krock remained at the Louisville Times until the fall of 1923, when he left for New York after differing with Bingham over editorial policy. He first took a job outside of journalism, working in public relations as assistant for Will H. Hays, head of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America. While in this position, he was asked to write a few editorials by Frank I. Cobb, editor of the New York World, which lead to his appointment in 1923 as assistant to Ralph Pulitzer, president of the World. Krock remained there until 1927, when he left to join the editorial staff of The New York Times.

In 1932, Krock became the Times' Washington correspondent and head of the Washington bureau. Much of his subsequent writing was for his column "In the Nation," which is published on the Times' editorial page from 1933 until he retired in 1966, as well as writing on important events for the Times. His views on political, social, and economic issues were generally conservative, and "In the Nation" became widely regarded as a major voice of conservative America, while still maintaining independence from any political agenda. The column provided detailed information on current issues, along with critical analysis. In his writings, Krock supported the State Department's international policies, but beginning in 1936 became a critic of and authority on the economic policies of the Roosevelt Administration, the New Deal. Krock covered many fields, including foreign policy, but predominantly wrote about American politics. He wrote the "lead" story for the Times for every biennial election from 1932 to 1952. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1935 for his excellence as Washington correspondent for his coverage of the beginning of the New Deal, and won again in 1938 for his exclusive interview with President Roosevelt. He also received a special commendation from the Pulitzer awards board for his interview of President Harry S. Truman in 1950 and a special citation in 1955 for distinguished correspondence from Washington. Krock retired from The New York Times in 1966, but continued to go to his office at the bureau, working on several books. In 1968, he published Memoirs: 60 Years on the Firing Line. He also wrote The Consent of the Governed and Other Deceits (1971) and Myself When Young: Growing Up in the 1890s (1974).

Arthur Krock married Marguerite Polleys on April 22, 1911 and they had one son, Thomas Polleys Krock. Marguerite Krock died in 1938. Krock married Martha Granger Blair on June 14, 1939. She had two sons, William Granger Blair and Robert H. Blair, from a previous marriage. Krock died on April 12, 1974 at the age of 87.

The College of New Jersey was initially chartered in 1746. The first classes were held in Elizabeth, New Jersey, in the parsonage of the president, the Reverend Jonathan Dickinson. Upon his death, the College moved to Newark, New Jersey, and was headed by the Reverend Aaron Burr, Sr. Since 1756, the College has been located in Princeton, New Jersey. For the first fifty years, nearly all College operations took place within Nassau Hall. Fires, fundraising difficulties, low student enrollment, and the Civil War challenged the vitality of the College in the early and middle nineteenth century, but the College grew vigorously under the leadership of President James McCosh, and it was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The Graduate School was established in 1900, although a limited graduate program had existed since the 1870s. Princeton enthusiastically supported the country (living up to its informal motto, "Princeton in the Nation's Service") during the First and Second World Wars, offering the expertise of faculty and campus space for training, as well as facilitating the early graduation of students so they could enlist. The post-World War II years brought dramatic changes to Princeton. The size and strength of the University's facilities and academic programs—especially for the applied sciences and public policy—were increased dramatically. Under President Robert Goheen, Princeton began to admit minority students in greater numbers in the 1960s and admitted women undergraduates in 1969. Today, Princeton is widely regarded as one of the top universities in the world.

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Viet Nam; Cabinet meetings; relations between the United States Information Agency and the State Department; the functions and responsibilities of the United States Information Agency; Suez and Hungary; the "liberation of captive peoples," "massive retaliation;" the Cold War and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the State of the Union addresses and other speeches by President Eisenhower; international law; disarmament. [RDC]

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Strategic Air Command and the foreign policy of the United States; "massive retaliation;" post-war Germany (the Berlin Air Lift); Korea and Viet Nam; Sputnik; Suez, Lebanon; Quemoy-Matsu. [GAC]

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The Korean War; the Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles's early relations with the press; differences in the Democratic and Republican administrations; "massive retaliation": John Foster Dulles's relations with other Cabinet members; his health; the Aswan Dam and Suez; Viet Nam; Lebanon; John Foster Dulles's relations with the President; John Foster Dulles and the State Department; Senator Joseph McCarthy; John Foster Dulles as administrator. [RDC]

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The Eisenhower nomination and campaign; the United Nations Human Rights Commission (declaration and covenants; action program sponsored by the United States, the Bricker Amendment); working relations with John Foster Dulles; relations with heads of state; Ambassador Lodge; United Nations membership; John Foster Dulles's views on the role of the United Nations; his contributions to the United Nations. [RDC]

Mary Pillsbury Lord (1904-1978) was an American civic worker who served as U.S. delegate to the United Nations General Assembly.

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John Foster Dulles's views on foreign policy in the 1940's; his articles for Life; Quemoy-Matsu; the Connally Amendment; international law; Suez; Far Eastern policy; the "brinkmanship" article in Life; "massive retaliation;" "agonizing reappraisal;" Indonesia; Indochina; Latin America. [RDC]

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The 1948 General Assembly meeting in Paris; Franco-American relations; summitry; Latin American affairs; Germany (John Foster Dulles's relations with Chancellor Adenauer); morale in the Foreign Service; John Foster Dulles's interest in administration. [PAC]

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Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and ANZUS; Suez (Suez Canal Users Association); Erle Stanley Gardner; Duck Island; John Foster Dulles's relations with New Zealand; the Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles as negotiator; Communist China and Formosa; the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); Indo-China. [PAC]

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Sullivan & Cromwell; the organization of John Foster Dulles's personal staff and office in the State Department; his calendar; his relations with his subordinates; his speeches; his normal work day; his trips; the Dulles family; John Foster Dulles's final illness. [PAC]

Phyllis Bernau Macomber was the personal assistant to former Secretary of State John Foster Dulles.

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The World Council of Churches and John Foster Dulles's views on the role of the churches in international affairs; Middle Eastern problems (Palestine, American-Arab relations; Morocco, the Eisenhower Doctrine); the Japanese Peace Treaty; the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights; the Presidency of the United Nations General Assembly (1957 and 1958); the Aswan Dam and Suez; Lebanon. [BW]

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Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); Indo-China; John Foster Dulles's relations with the Senate and its Foreign Relations Committee; Quemoy-Matsu; Viet Nam; the Formosa Resolution; Suez; the Middle East Resolution; John Foster Dulles's relations with the President. [RDC]

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The Moscow Conference of 1947; the Presidential election of 1948; the Japanese Peace Treaty; the administration of the State Department; the Netherlands and Indonesia; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State. [PAC]

Harrison Freeman Matthews Sr. (1899-1986) was an American diplomat and career ambassador. He entered Princeton University in 1917 and returned there in 1921, after serving in the U.S. Navy. After obtaining his BA in 1921 and an MA in history in 1922 he decided to pursue a career in the diplomatic service. He attended the Ecole des Science Politiques in Paris, France in the following year, and passed his diplomatic examinations in 1923, entering the diplomatic service in 1924. In the following year, during his first assignment as 3rd Secretary of the Legation in Budapest (1924-1926), he married Elizabeth "Frisk" Luke of Tarrytown, New York, whom he had met prior to his departure. Matthews was transferred to Bogota, Colombia, in 1926, and to the State Department in 1930, where he became Assistant Chief of the Latin American Division (1930-1933). His son Harrison Freeman Matthews Jr. ("Free") was born in Bogota in 1929, followed by Thomas Luke ("Tim") in 1933.

Matthews was appointed 1st Secretary of the Embassy in Havana, Cuba (1933-1937), where he joined Ambassador Jefferson Caffery, under whom he had already served in Columbia in 1928-1930. He was transferred to Paris, France as First Secretary in 1937. After a brief interlude in Spain in 1939, where he served as the first US representative to the Franco government after the Civil War, he stayed in Paris until June 10, 1940, when Italy declared war on France, a week after the capital had been bombarded by Germany. After the resignation of the Reynaud government and the signing of the armistice with Germany and Italy, Matthews spent the following two years in Vichy, where the French regime under Marshal Pétain was based. Matthews' wife and children had stayed in the United States since 1939, but Frisk Matthews visited her husband in Vichy between late November 1940 and May, 1941. After Pearl Harbor Matthews was transferred to London as counselor and minister under Ambassador John Winant (1941). Because of his knowledge of France, he was designated as political advisor to General Eisenhower in the summer of 1942, and was with him during the landings in Gibraltar in November 1942. In the autumn of 1943 Matthews reunited with his family in Washington, where he served for the next four years, first as Chief, then Director of the Office of European Affairs. During this time he attended the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945), the Paris Peace Treaty negotiations (1946) and the Moscow Conference with General George Marshall (1947).

Matthews served as Ambassador to Sweden from 1947 to 1950. Two days before the Korean War broke out, he was appointed Deputy Under Secretary of State, serving under Dean Acheson (1950-1953). In 1955, during his subsequent appointment as ambassador to the Netherlands (1953-1957), his wife Frisk died of a brain tumor. In 1957, Matthews remarried Mrs. Helen Skouland, a secretary he had worked with during the war. He spent his last years of diplomatic service with her as ambassador in Vienna from 1957 until 1962, when he retired and returned to Washington. He served as a member of the Board of National Estimates at the CIA from 1963 to 1969 and as the American Chairman of the American-Canadian Permanent Joint Board on Defense from 1963 to 1969. A widower again in 1966, he married Mrs. Elizabeth Bluntschli in 1967, the widow of an old friend. Matthews died at 87 in 1986.

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Early meetings with John Foster Dulles at San Francisco and other conferences; John Foster Dulles at Sullivan & Cromwell; John Foster Dulles's views on the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in the mid-1940's; his relations with the press before 1952; his knowledge of the French and Spanish languages; his work in and views on the United Nations (the veto, the "Uniting for Peace" Resolution, etc.); detailed discussion of the Moscow Conference of 1948; anecdotes; John Foster Dulles's travels as Secretary of State (routine of flights, personnel, working arrangements); his relations with State Department personnel; the Geneva Summit Conference of 1955; Suez; John Foster Dulles's 1956 operation; his relations with Senator Lyndon Johnson; the appointment, office and duties of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs; John Foster Dulles's news conferences (his briefings, manner of delivery); his relations with the Joint Chiefs of Staff; his working habits (the decision-making process); the Baghdad Pact and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO); John Foster Dulles's relations with Chancellor Adenauer (the German elections); the Yalta Papers; Goa; the "brinkmanship" article in Life magazine. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; the Aswan Dam proposal and the Suez crisis; John Foster Dulles's relations with Congress. [PAC]

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Recollections of Europe after World War I; the Bank for International Settlements and international banking in Europe before and during World War II. [RDC]

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Detailed discussion of the Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indo-China and later developments in Viet Nam; personal relations with John Foster Dulles; European Defense Community, the French rejection, and ensuing negotiations for the establishment of the Western European alliance; the Prime Minister's visit to Washington and the United Nations (the proposed Summit conference); relations with other world leaders; Tunisia and Algeria; the Suez crisis. [PAC]

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Detailed discussion of Robert Johnson's appointment as head of the International Information Administration and the problems of the United States information program with Congress and within the State Department; McCarthyism and its effects on the Eisenhower-Dulles administration. [RDC]

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Cabinet meetings; John Foster Dulles's relations with members of the Cabinet; the International Labor Organization convention on job discrimination; John Foster Dulles's views on Labor and communism; McCarthyism; the Bricker Amendment; John Foster Dulles's public image. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles at Cabinet meetings; his relations with the White House staff; his relations with President Eisenhower; the Bricker Amendment. [RDC]

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The United Nations; Communist China and the off-shore islands; Guatemala; Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); Suez Canal Users Association; ANZUS; Quemoy-Matsu; Viet Nam. [SD]

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The "brinkmanship" article in Life magazine and the circumstances leading up to it; John Foster Dulles's relations with the press; his relations with President Eisenhower. [RDC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; ANZUS; Quemoy-Matsu and Formosa; the two Chinas; "Brinkmanship;" the Antarctica Treaty; Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); Indo-China; Franklin D. Roosevelt. [SD]]

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Detailed discussion of John Foster Dulles's work with the Churches (the Commission on a Just and Durable Peace); the Dumbarton Oaks proposals; the United Nations; the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and communism; John Foster Dulles's relations with churchmen after he became Secretary of State. [RDC]

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); John Foster Dulles's knowledge of and interest in military affairs; European defense (atomic weapons, stockpile, etc.); "massive retaliation;" Suez, Tunisia; Franco-American relations; official and working relations with John Foster Dulles; the East-West confrontation; John Foster Dulles's relations with the President. [RDC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty and mutual defense treaty; Japanese recognition of Nationalist China; disputed island territories; the Girard case; 1953 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation; Japanese-Korean relations. [SD]

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The Korean War and the armistice negotiations; President Rhee's release of the prisoners of war; John Foster Dulles's relations with Syngman Rhee; Japanese-Korean relations; the reunification of Korea; United States aid to Korea. [SD]

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Detailed account of John Foster Dulles's illnesses; his personal relations with John Foster Dulles during his summer visits to up-state New York. [PAC]

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The office and role of Legal Adviser; McCarthyism and security problems in the State Department and Foreign Service; the Bricker Amendment; the Caracas Resolution; Indo-China (the Geneva Conference); John Foster Dulles's working methods (delegation of authority, decision-making process, relations with his advisers, etc.); detailed discussion of the Suez crisis (Suez Canal Users Association); Hungary; the Eisenhower Doctrine. [PAC]

Phleger was a prominent attorney with the firm of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, expert in constitutional and international law, associate director of the Legal Division of the U.S. Military Government of Germany, and adviser to Dwight D. Eisenhower.

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Detailed account of John Foster Dulles's slipped disk operation. [RDC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles's Far Eastern trip in 1954; Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); Korea; Communist China; John Foster Dulles's press conference; Nationalist China; John Foster Dulles's relations with the press; Viet Nam. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's office staff in the State Department; office procedures; John Foster Dulles's working habits; his trips. [PAC]

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The neutralization and demilitarization of Korea; mutual defense treaty; the Geneva Conference; John Foster Dulles's relations with Syngman Rhee; Japanese-Korean relations; armistice negotiations; the reunification of Korea; United States aid and the rehabilitation of Korea. [SD]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; the Helena trip; relations between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the State Department; John Foster Dulles's relations with the Pentagon; National Security Council meetings; "massive retaliation" and the reorganization of balance of forces; Korea; Formosa (off-shore islands); Britain and the Far East; Indo-China; the "Radford Plan" and defense commitments in Europe; Suez; John Foster Dulles's management of the State Department. [PAC]

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European Defense Community and "agonizing reappraisal;" John Foster Dulles's relations with the press; Suez, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Israel; John Foster Dulles's views on collective security and international rule of law; his relations with world leaders. [PAC]

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The London Conference of 1945; post-war reconstruction; negotiations with the Soviets; the Paris meeting of 1949; post-war Germany; the reunification of Germany (free elections); John Foster Dulles as an administrator; United States-German relations vis-a-vis England and France; John Foster Dulles's relations with State Department personnel; briefing procedures in the State Department; personal and official relations with John Foster Dulles. [RDC and PAC]

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The House Foreign Affairs Committee; personal and official relations with John Foster Dulles; the Formosa Resolution; John Foster Dulles's speeches; his views on foreign policy; the Middle East; John Foster Dulles's relations with Congress; Suez; John Foster Dulles's relations with President Eisenhower; appropriations and foreign aid, mutual security pacts; the Eisenhower Doctrine. [RDC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty negotiations; the concept of "massive retaliation" and the role of ground forces; Red China and Formosa; National Security Council meetings; John Foster Dulles's relations with the Joint Chiefs of Staff; rearmament of Germany and Western European defense; Indo-China; Quemoy-Matsu. [PAC]

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Republic of China and the People's Republic of China; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Manchuria; working relations with Secretary Dulles; Korean armistice and Syngman Rhee; Quemoy-Matsu and the Formosa Resolution; Viet Nam and Ngo Diem Dinh; Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indo-China and Korea; Laos; Philippine islands; Japan and Shigeru Yoshida. [PAC]

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; the Far Eastern Commission; Philippine-United States relations; Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (the Manila Conference); the Bandung Conference; the United Nations; personal associations with John Foster Dulles. [SD]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with Wendell Willkie and Thomas Dewey; the Republican platform of 1952; John Foster Dulles's relations with the press; his views on Communist China; the Dulles family; Quemoy-Matsu; John Foster Dulles's relations with President Eisenhower; John Foster Dulles's rhetoric and his policies. [RDC]

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The United Nations; John Foster Dulles's role in the Truman-Acheson administration (the Japanese Peace Treaty; mutual security treaties); comparison of the Acheson and Dulles administrations; the Rockefeller Foundation. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles as a Senator; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); the United Nations; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State and his relations with the Senate leadership; the Senate Appropriations Committee; the Aswan Dam; Joseph McCarthy. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles and the United Nations in 1953; administration of the State Department (morale in the Foreign Service, McCarthyism); the Foreign Service Institute; staff meetings; African affairs and the independence movement. [PAC]

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An account of Governor Scranton's appointment as Special Assistant and his contacts with John Foster Dulles. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with the House of Representatives. [PAC]

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State Department morale at the beginning of John Foster Dulles's administration (questions of loyalty and security); the Wriston program and personnel problems; John Foster Dulles's interest in, relations with, and use of State Department personnel; comparison of John Foster Dulles and Acheson as Secretaries of State; John Foster Dulles's views on Communism; his relations with the allies; the Sino-Soviet Split. [GAC]

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The Bricker Amendment; John Foster Dulles's personal and working relations with the President; his relations with other Cabinet members; Lebanon; John Foster Dulles's relations with the White House Staff; his concept of the role of Secretary of State; "massive retaliation;" disarmament; the Eisenhower nominations and campaign; Anglo-American relations; Suez. [RDC]

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Reminiscences of undergraduate years at Princeton University in the Class of 1908; the Class' fiftieth reunion. [GAC]

The College of New Jersey was initially chartered in 1746. The first classes were held in Elizabeth, New Jersey, in the parsonage of the president, the Reverend Jonathan Dickinson. Upon his death, the College moved to Newark, New Jersey, and was headed by the Reverend Aaron Burr, Sr. Since 1756, the College has been located in Princeton, New Jersey. For the first fifty years, nearly all College operations took place within Nassau Hall. Fires, fundraising difficulties, low student enrollment, and the Civil War challenged the vitality of the College in the early and middle nineteenth century, but the College grew vigorously under the leadership of President James McCosh, and it was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The Graduate School was established in 1900, although a limited graduate program had existed since the 1870s. Princeton enthusiastically supported the country (living up to its informal motto, "Princeton in the Nation's Service") during the First and Second World Wars, offering the expertise of faculty and campus space for training, as well as facilitating the early graduation of students so they could enlist. The post-World War II years brought dramatic changes to Princeton. The size and strength of the University's facilities and academic programs—especially for the applied sciences and public policy—were increased dramatically. Under President Robert Goheen, Princeton began to admit minority students in greater numbers in the 1960s and admitted women undergraduates in 1969. Today, Princeton is widely regarded as one of the top universities in the world.

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The Japanese Peace Treaty; John Foster Dulles's views on Communism; his relations with the press; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; the "Brinkmanship" article in Life magazine. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with State Department personnel (consultation, discussion, etc.); United Nations-State Department relations; John Foster Dulles's relations with Ambassador Lodge; Suez; Lebanon; the United Nations (peace keeping role; role of the Secretary General, the veto, increased membership in the General Assembly, the "Uniting for Peace" Resolution); John Foster Dulles's relations with President Eisenhower; morale in the State Department ("positive loyalty" and McCarthyism). [PAC]

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The Foreign Policy Association and the Council of Foreign Relations; Princeton University; World War I (Woodrow Wilson, the Versailles Treaty, the League of Nations); John Foster Dulles's relations with President Eisenhower; his relations with the Senate (the Foreign Relations Committee; Senator McCarthy, the Bricker Amendment); personal relations with John Foster Dulles; the Suez crisis; John Foster Dulles's views on the national economy; "Brinkmanship;" Formosa and Red China (Quemoy-Matsu). [PAC]

H. (Howard) Alexander Smith served as the executive secretary of Princeton University and was later elected to the United States Senate representing New Jersey. Smith made contributions to United States foreign policy while serving on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

H. Alexander Smith was born in New York City on January 30, 1880. His father, Abram Alexander Smith, was a respected physician and teacher. Smith attended high school at the Cutler School, a private prep school. He studied as an undergraduate at Princeton, graduating with an A.B. in 1901. While at Princeton, he befriended Professor Woodrow Wilson. Wilson penned a letter of recommendation for Smith, which helped him get accepted to Columbia Law School.

During his time at Columbia, Smith met Helen Dominick, daughter of a prominent New York City lawyer. They married in 1902 and had their first child, Helen, in 1903. Smith graduated from Columbia Law in 1904 and passed the New York State Bar exam shortly there after. After graduation, Smith began his career working for the Legal Aid Society in New York City. However, Smith developed tuberculosis shortly after and relocated to the cleaner and drier air of Colorado in an attempt to ease the complications associated with his illness. Smith passed the Colorado Bar exam in 1906 and slowly returned to legal practice. He spent his first few years in Colorado between legal work for the law firm of Lunt, Brooks and Wilcox and a land investment venture with a partner at the firm. After the investment failed in 1911, Smith partnered with Daniel Knowlton to establish the firm of Smith and Knowlton. The firm focused on cases involving public utilities, natural resources, estates, and property.

Though Smith was a relatively successful attorney, he maintained a desire to serve the public. He jumped at an opportunity to turn to public service at the outbreak of World War I. Smith involved himself in relief work, helping to raise money for various charities that aimed to provide relief to war-torn European nations. In order to focus what he considered at scattershot relief effort, Smith organized the War Sufferers' Relief Committee in 1916.

Smith became directly involved in government service after the United States' entry into World War I. Unable to pass the Army physical, he took the position Federal Food Administrator for El Paso County. Smith worked to enroll families in the food conservation program to aid the war effort. The county office was a division of the United States Food Administration, and after distinguishing himself through this work, Herbert Hoover tapped Smith to join the staff of the Food Administration in Washington, D.C. Smith arrived in Washington in December 1917 and began working in the cooperating organizations section of the States Administration Division of the Food Administration. The responsibility of his position involved streamlining operations, and identifying needs and targeting the best religious, fraternal, or social organization that could fulfill those needs.

While in Washington, Smith developed a renewed interest in his alma mater. Smith was encouraged by fellow alumni critical of current university policy to visit Princeton, and after receiving approval from President John Grier Hibben, he spent two months of 1919 interviewing administration, faculty, and trustees. Shortly after completing this task, Hibben offered Smith a position at the University. Smith spent the next year chairing the Committee on University Organization, which surveyed finances, academics, campus life, the endowment campaign, and the University's future goals, and concluded that the University needed to operate in a more business-like, streamlined manner. Among the committee's recommendations were plans to overhaul alumni activities, expand fundraising, raise faculty salaries, and reorganize administrative offices and operations. Included in the committee's suggestions for administrative reorganization was the proposal to create the position of executive secretary, a role intended to serve as an assistant to the president. Smith became the first person to hold the position in the fall of 1920, and he spent the next several years attempting to implement many of the committee's recommendations.

Smith's relationship with Princeton became strained after he differed with administration's handling of the Philadelphian Society, a campus religious group that fell under the influence of the controversial Frank N. D. Buchman. The basic tenants of Buchmanism preached living a life free of sin while setting aside time each day for quiet reflection in which one searched for divine guidance. However, the Buchmanites tended to be aggressive in their tactics when they evangelized to those they considered sinners. After Buchmanism caused a small national stir in the mid-1920s, President Hibben ordered an investigation of the Philadelphian Society on campus. Hibben concluded that the Philadelphian Society was distracting students from their studies and recommended that the Society's campus activities be scaled back. Smith disagreed, was sympathetic toward Buchman, and felt that President Hibben did not take Buchman's criticism of the University seriously enough. Smith converted to Buchmanism shortly after the controversy. He was a deeply religious person and remained in correspondence with Buchman and other followers of the movement throughout his life.

Smith ultimately resigned from his executive secretary position as a result from his dispute with President Hibben but remained at Princeton. In the fall of 1928, he began a new position as a lecturer in the department of politics. Smith's courses focused on international relations and United States foreign policy. However, Smith quickly became disillusioned with the secular direction of Princeton and teaching and left the university in 1930.

After resigning from his position at Princeton, Smith continued to live in town as he began practicing law in New York City. Though Smith worked part-time for the firm of Dominick and Dominick, he spent much of the next decade focusing on the New Jersey Republican Party. In 1933, Smith helped form the New Jersey Republican Policy Council, which aimed to organize many of the small, local Republican clubs to promote the party within the state. The council lasted only a year, forced to disband due to lack of interest and funding. Though the Policy Council had failed, Smith did succeed in making a name for himself within the New Jersey Republican Party. In 1934, Smith was offered the position of treasurer of the New Jersey Republican State Committee, which functioned as the chief fund raiser for the state party.

During Smith's tenure as treasurer, the state party underwent a bitter split. Smith's reputation as a bipartisan mediator helped him get elected as chairman of the Republican State Committee. Smith was seen as a safe, non-offensive pick that could help reunite the state party. Though Smith was only moderately successful in mending the split in the party, he had positioned himself for to run for elected office. The death of Senator H. Warren Barbour in November of 1943 left one of New Jersey's seats vacant. Smith politicked hard and sought to win broad party support. His bridge-building and hard work paid off – in 1944 he was elected to the United States Senate to serve the remaining two years of Barbour's term.

As a freshman senator, Smith was assigned to the committees of Education and Labor, District of Columbia, Judiciary, Privileges and Elections, and Public Buildings and Grounds. He was transferred from the Judiciary Committee to the Military Affairs Committee in 1945. Though much of Smith's time as a freshman senator was spent in becoming acclimated to his new position, he did involve himself in the debate over the Reciprocal Trade Act. Smith broke with the majority of the Republican Party and supported the Reciprocal Trade Act and lower tariffs.

Smith won re-election in 1946 and spent much of 1946 and early 1947 focusing on labor/management relations. Smith often sided with management on issues of strike and wages and ultimately supported the renewal of the Taft-Hartley Act. After re-election, Smith left all committees but the Education and Labor and was chosen to fill one of the three vacant Republican seats on the Foreign Relations Committee. An appointment on the Foreign Relations Committee was a career milestone for Smith, as foreign policy was Smith's primary interest. As a result, Smith devoted most of his time to the committee.

Always a staunch anti-Communist, Smith was a strong supporter of the Voice of America radio station, which was established during World War II to broadcast programming favorable to American policy across Europe. Late in 1947, Smith toured Europe in order to build a case for Voice of America. When he returned to the U.S., he wrote a report that helped win support for the Smith-Mundt Bill, passed in 1948, which reorganized and provided funding for Voice of America.

Throughout 1948 and 1949, Smith continued his fight against Communism, turning his attention to Far East Asia and the Chinese Civil War. In September of 1948, Smith visited Japan, Hong Kong, and the Philippines with the goal of determining the ability of Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek. The trip convinced Smith that a Communist China and Taiwan would offer a global threat. When he returned, he urged the Congress to support the Nationalists. Smith had positioned himself as a follower of the policy of containment and remained committed to idea that the U.S. and U.N. should not recognize Communist China. After the Communists sized control of China and Taiwan, Smith turned his attention to Korea. He strongly supported the Korean War and disagreed with President Truman's dismissal of General MacArthur. In 1953, Smith toured Korea and Indo-China which resulted in Smith turning his attention to the conflict which would ultimately become the Vietnam War. Again, Smith believed strongly the U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia could prevent additional countries from falling into the Communist sphere.

Stateside, Smith spent 1951 and 1952 campaigning for re-election. He backed Dwight Eisenhower for president and won re-election to the Senate in 1952. His third term saw a continued interest in Taft-Hartley and labor/management relations. Smith also focused on transportation projects and amnesty cases for his New Jersey constituency. In 1954, Smith voted to censure Senate Joseph McCarthy. Though he generally supported McCarthy's goals, he disagreed strongly with his approach.

In late-1957, Smith's wife fell ill which prompted Smith to withdraw his name for re-election in 1958. He officially left the Senate on January 3, 1959. Shortly after leaving the Senate, John Foster Dulles offered Smith the position of Special Consultant on Foreign Affairs to the Secretary of State. With his wife in better health, Smith accepted the position wanting to remain active in U.S. foreign policy matters. Smith's job was to offer his opinion and recommendations directly to Dulles. A significant moment during Smith's tenure as special consultant came when he undertook a friendly, diplomatic trip across Asia and reported his findings to Dulles.

Smith officially retired to his home in Princeton in 1960. He remained in constant contact with former colleagues in New Jersey and Washington, often offering opinions and advice. He also continued his interest in Princeton University and his Class of 1901. He died on October 27th, 1966.

The College of New Jersey was initially chartered in 1746. The first classes were held in Elizabeth, New Jersey, in the parsonage of the president, the Reverend Jonathan Dickinson. Upon his death, the College moved to Newark, New Jersey, and was headed by the Reverend Aaron Burr, Sr. Since 1756, the College has been located in Princeton, New Jersey. For the first fifty years, nearly all College operations took place within Nassau Hall. Fires, fundraising difficulties, low student enrollment, and the Civil War challenged the vitality of the College in the early and middle nineteenth century, but the College grew vigorously under the leadership of President James McCosh, and it was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The Graduate School was established in 1900, although a limited graduate program had existed since the 1870s. Princeton enthusiastically supported the country (living up to its informal motto, "Princeton in the Nation's Service") during the First and Second World Wars, offering the expertise of faculty and campus space for training, as well as facilitating the early graduation of students so they could enlist. The post-World War II years brought dramatic changes to Princeton. The size and strength of the University's facilities and academic programs—especially for the applied sciences and public policy—were increased dramatically. Under President Robert Goheen, Princeton began to admit minority students in greater numbers in the 1960s and admitted women undergraduates in 1969. Today, Princeton is widely regarded as one of the top universities in the world.

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"Roll-back;" North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and John Foster Dulles's views of its purview and function; Suez, Berlin; European Defense Community and other European crises. [RDC]

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The United Nations; the Japanese Peace Treaty; ANZUS; Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); Communist China and Nationalist China; "brinkmanship" and "massive retaliation;" comparison of the Acheson and Dulles administrations; John Foster Dulles as negotiator and diplomat; official relations with John Foster Dulles; his major contributions. [PAC]

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The San Francisco Conference of 1945 and the United Nations Charter; John Foster Dulles's relations with Senator Vandenberg; his association with the Republican Party; his early views on foreign policy; Eisenhower's nomination and campaign; differences between Eisenhower's and John Foster Dulles's views on foreign policy; John Foster Dulles's appointment as Secretary of State; his relations with the President; working relations with John Foster Dulles; foreign aid and neutrality; Joseph McCarthy; disarmament; reuniting Germany; the "Open Skies" proposal; Hungary; Korea; East Germany. [RDC]

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The United States Information Agency, its function and organization; official relations with John Foster Dulles; the State Department staff meetings; security problems; Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); John Foster Dulles as negotiator; his relations with President Eisenhower; Joseph McCarthy; Congressional relations; John Foster Dulles's concern with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the "liberation" of Hungary; the Operations Coordinating Board; Germany and the Berlin crisis. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's work for the Federal Council of Churches; his working habits; Sullivan and Cromwell; his trips for the United Nations; the Dewey presidential campaign of 1948; John Foster Dulles in the Senate and his senatorial campaign; the Japanese Peace Treaty; the Dulles family; Alger Hiss; office routines. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's involvement in the Republican Party in the 1930's and 1940's; his senatorial campaign; the San Francisco conference of 1945; John Foster Dulles's relations with foreign delegates to the United Nations; personal and professional associations with John Foster Dulles; his working habits; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; Rumania; Intelligence and Research and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); John Foster Dulles as administrator; McCarthyism; "massive retaliation;" European Defense Community. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's work on corporation boards; his sense of humor; his talents as a lawyer; his early interest in foreign affairs; his work with the churches; John Foster Dulles as a Wall Street figure; professional connections with John Foster Dulles at Sullivan & Cromwell; the United Nations; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; United States relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); John Foster Dulles's executive abilities. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with foreign statesmen; the Hungarian refugees; the Austrian State Treaty; West New Guinea; European alliance; John Foster Dulles's relations with his staff; his interest in public relations; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Suez; relations with Britain and France; relations with Spain; John Foster Dulles's relations with President Eisenhower. [PAC]

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Working relations with John Foster Dulles; the Joint Chiefs of Staff; John Foster Dulles's understanding of military problems; "massive retaliation;" Lebanon; Suez; the Russian Sputnik and the arms race; relations between John Foster Dulles and President Eisenhower; John Foster Dulles's relations with Cabinet members; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Dien Bien Phu; the Baghdad Pact and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO); personal relations with John Foster Dulles; Cuba. [PAC]

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The Oxford Conference; John Foster Dulles's religious outlook and its evolution; the Geneva conference; the Commission on a Just and Durable Peace; John Foster Dulles's views on United States involvement in World War II; his interest in the ministry as a career; legal associations with John Foster Dulles; the Presbyterian Church; the Cambridge Conference, and the Commission of the Church on International Affairs; John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State; security cases in the State Department during the McCarthy period; The Federalist Papers; Thomas Dewey; John Foster Dulles's role in the creation of the United Nations; Far Eastern policy; the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). [RDC]

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The United Nations during John Foster Dulles's administration; relations between the United Nations Mission and the State Department; relations between John Foster Dulles and Ambassador Lodge; Red China; United Nations Membership; disarmament; relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); Suez; International Atomic Energy Agency. [PAC]

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Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO); the Geneva Conference of 1954; the Red Chinese threat to Thailand; Indo-China; Korea; the Japanese Peace Treaty; the United Nations (Suez and Hungary); "Atoms for Peace;" "brinkmanship."[SD]

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Official relations with John Foster Dulles; staff meetings; John Foster Dulles's interest in and knowledge of economic affairs; the administration of the State Department (problems of morale; McCarthyism, etc.); aid programs; international organizations; trade and tariffs (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade); the Caracas conference; Latin America; John Foster Dulles's final illness; John Foster Dulles's relations with the Treasury Department. [PAC]

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The Suez crisis; the Chinese correspondents issue; John Foster Dulles's relations with the press; Communism and the Cold War; Quemoy-Matsu; McCarthyism. [PAC]

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John Foster Dulles's relations with Congress and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; the Formosa Resolution; correspondence with John Foster Dulles. [RDC]

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John Foster Dulles as Thomas Dewey's adviser; his views on international affairs before World War II; John Foster Dulles as a Senator; as Secretary of State (comparison with other Secretaries); the Austrian State Treaty; John Foster Dulles's relations with the press; United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) relations and John Foster Dulles's concept of the long-range evolution of international relations; Far Eastern policy; John Foster Dulles's relations with President Eisenhower; his final illness; the Bureau of Public Information; passports to Red China; McCarthyism and attacks on the State Department. [RDC]

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The Council on Foreign Relations, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; detailed discussion of the reorganization of the State Department administration; John Foster Dulles's interest in administration; comparison of the Dulles administration with those of previous Secretaries of State; John Foster Dulles's relations with the Foreign Service; McCarthy; State Department dismissals; the "massive retaliation" speech. [RDC]

The Council on Foreign Relations (the Council) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research and national membership organization dedicated to promoting improved understanding of international affairs and to contributing ideas to United States foreign policy. The Council has had a large impact in the development of twentieth century United States foreign policy. Its membership has historically been drawn from those in business, government and academia recognized as the nation's opinion leaders in international relations; membership is by invitation only. The Council's basic constituency is its members, but it also reaches out to a wider audience through its publications, Committees on Foreign Relations, Corporate Program, and media efforts, so as to contribute to the national dialogue on foreign policy.

The Studies Department spearheads the Council on Foreign Relation's efforts to promote informed discussion on issues shaping the international agenda and defines the Council's function as a foreign policy research organization. This "think tank" has played a vital role in the Council since its incorporation in the 1920s. The department includes a large number of scholars and research associates who engage each other, Council members, and non-affiliated individuals in research on topics and regions related to United States foreign policy, which historically have included topics such as international trade, arms control, and economic development, and regions such as the former Soviet Union, the Middle East, and Latin America, to name a few. The Studies program produces articles, books, policy reports and papers to disseminate the research undertaken by staff and members.

For a fuller history on the Council on Foreign Relations, see the finding aid for the Council on Foreign Relations Records located at http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/gb19f5814 , Peter Grose's Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921-1996 , located at http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/ and Michael Wala's The Council on Foreign Relations and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War (Providence: Berghahn Books, 1994).

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Discussions with John Foster Dulles and Douglas MacArthur on Japanese rearmament; the reclamation of Japan; Peace Treaty negotiations; Communist China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the revision of the Security Treaty; relations with Korea. [SD]

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A Conference of the Advisory Committee of the Dulles Oral History Project concerning John Foster Dulles's participation in the events and policies of the United States in the Far East.

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