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Robert R. Bowie Papers
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This is a finding aid. It is a description of archival material held at the Princeton University Library: Public Policy Papers. Unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in their reading room, and not digitally available through the web.
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Robert R. Bowie was a foreign policy expert and legal scholar who served four U.S. administrations as policy planner, counselor, and deputy CIA director, while teaching at Harvard Law School and founding Harvard's Center for International Affairs. Throughout Bowie's wide-ranging career, he sustained interests in antitrust issues, European unity, and global arms control.
Robert Richardson Bowie was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1909. He attended Princeton University, graduating in 1931, and was graduated from Harvard Law School in 1934. He practiced law in Baltimore, Maryland between 1934 and 1942 with the firm Bowie and Burke (together with his father Clarence K. Bowie), and was Maryland's Assistant Attorney General from 1941 to 1942. He entered the U.S. Army in 1942.
Bowie's wartime work centered on the renegotiation and termination of war contracts. His Legion of Merit award cites Bowie's contribution to "an agreement under which the War Department was allowed great flexibility in procedure while retaining the benefits of price control."
As World War II ended, Bowie was relocated to occupied Berlin as Special Assistant to General Lucius Clay, the Deputy Military Governor of Germany. Bowie formulated policy for the military government in Germany, serving as executive secretary of the Denazification Policy Board. The Oak Leaf Cluster was added to his Legion of Merit award for services in Germany between 1945 and 1946.
Bowie joined the faculty of the Harvard Law School upon his return to the United States, and taught courses in corporate and antitrust law between 1946 and 1955. In 1949, Bowie served on the Hoover Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, studying federal regulatory agencies including the Federal Reserve Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission.
Bowie went on leave from Harvard 1950-1951, returning to Germany to act as General Counsel and Special Adviser to John J. McCloy, then the U.S. High Commissioner of Germany. Bowie helped to draft McCloy's speeches, and himself gave a talk in Hamburg entitled "Economic Bases of a Democratic State." With McCloy, Bowie worked on crafting the agreement between the Allies and West Germany and making the transition from military to civilian government.
During this period, Bowie met Jean Monnet, who was to remain a friend and associate. McCloy and Bowie were among the advocates for the 1950 Schuman Plan (a focal effort of Monnet's), through which West Germany was integrated into the common market of the European Coal and Steel Community along with France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in 1952—a precursor to the European Union.
European unity, and Germany's position in Europe, remained a concern of Bowie's as the Cold War developed. In 1953, Bowie left Harvard once more to become the State Department's third Director of Policy Planning. In 1955 he was also named Assistant Secretary of State. During this time, Bowie worked with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and sat on the National Security Council's planning board, a new body appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Bowie's experience working with Dulles and Eisenhower led to his later participation in recording oral histories about the period, and provided a basis for his authorship with Richard Immerman of Waging Peace: Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. In his reflections and in his writing, he made a case for Eisenhower as a policymaker in his own right.
Returning to Harvard in 1957, Bowie founded the Center for International Affairs (CFIA; now the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs), and was named Clarence Dillon Professor of International Affairs. With Henry Kissinger, Bowie wrote in 1958 in The Program of the Center for International Affairs: "Foreign affairs in our era pose unprecedented tasks.…Today no region is isolated; none can be ignored; actions and events even in remote places may have immediate worldwide impact…the old order has been shattered." Bowie served as the center's director from its founding until 1972.
In 1966, Bowie served again in Washington as Counselor to Secretary of State Dean Rusk. He returned to Harvard in 1968. He stepped down as director of the CFIA in 1972. During the mid-1970s he was a member of the Trilateral Commission (formed to create ties between industrialized Japan, Europe and North America) and the Overseas Development Council, among other activities.
In 1977, Bowie was appointed Deputy for National Intelligence under Director of the CIA, Admiral Stansfield Turner, and was responsible for regular briefings to President Carter. He left the CIA in 1979, and retired from Harvard in 1980.
During the 1980s and 1990s, Bowie remained active and engaged in the field of foreign policy. He published a monthly column in the Christian Science Monitor in the early 1980s, and chaired a task force of the Committee for Economic Development in 1982. Bowie was a member of the European Security Study (ESECS), a group of independent defense analysts who advocated bolstering NATO's conventional weaponry as an alternative to nuclear stockpiling. He was involved with the Council on Foreign Relations, the American Academy of Diplomacy, the Nuclear History Program (a collaboration between France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States), the Woodrow Wilson Center, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and the Brookings Institution, among other organizations.
Bowie was the author of Studies in Federalism with Carl J. Friedrich in 1954; Shaping the Future: Foreign Policy in an Age of Transition in 1963 [Radner Lectures at Columbia University]; Suez 1956 in 1974; Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy with Richard Immerman in 1998.
Bowie and the former Mary Theodosia Chapman, known as Teddy, married in 1944 and had two children, Robert R. Bowie, Jr. and William C. Bowie.
Robert Bowie died at age 104 in Maryland in November, 2013.
Sources:
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/21/world/r-bowie-104-dies-advised-4-presidents.html
http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/11/professor-robert-r-bowie-dies-at-104/
Weatherhead Center: http://wcfia.harvard.edu/about
The Robert R. Bowie Papers reflect Bowie's government service under four administrations, as well as his position at Harvard University, his Army service and work in the postwar military government of Germany, research for books he wrote, and his later activities as a member of national and international policy and strategy organizations.
The papers contain four series. The first represents Bowie's wartime service, when he worked on war contracts, as well as his work towards the reconstruction of Germany—first as Special Assistant to the Deputy Military Governor for Germany, General Lucius Clay (1945-1946), and second as General Counsel to John J. McCloy, U.S. High Commissioner for Germany (1950-1951). The papers include correspondence from these periods, as well as memoranda, drafts of talks, papers, and legal material, and government publications.
The papers in the second series include material originated from both of Bowie's positions at the United States State Department—as Director of the Policy Planning Staff and Assistant Secretary of State (1953-1957) and as Counselor to the Secretary of State (1966-1968)—in particular, correspondence and memoranda from these periods.
From the period when Bowie served as Deputy Director for National Intelligence at the CIA (1977-1979), the papers contain talking points for presidential briefings, as well as personal correspondence, though agency memoranda and correspondence are absent. This material appears in Series 3 along with papers that relate to Bowie's activities earlier in the 1970s—as a member of the Trilateral Commission and the Overseas Development Council in particular. Series 3 also includes research files for Bowie's book Suez 1956 (1974).
Material relating to Bowie's long professional association with Harvard University appears throughout the papers. Bowie held a professorship there, with occasional periods of leave for government service, from 1946 to 1980, and correspondence with his Harvard colleagues appears in each series.
The final series contains papers derived primarily from the 1980s and 1990s, after Bowie's retirement from Harvard. Correspondence, notes, drafts, and printed material document his involvement with many national and international policy and strategy organizations. Series 4 also contains research and correspondence files for Bowie's work on Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy, co-authored with Richard Immerman.
Individual series descriptions include more detail.
The order in which these materials came to Princeton has been maintained, with some minor rearrangement.
This collection was donated by Robert R. Bowie, Jr. The accession number associated with this donation is ML.2016.029.
This collection was processed by Phoebe Nobles in March, 2017.
One box of personal files, framed certificates and some photographs was returned to the donor.
Subject
- Bowie, Robert R. (Robert Richardson), 1909-2013
- United States-Foreign relations-20th century
- Nuclear disarmament-History
- Nuclear nonproliferation
- Arms control
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization-Armed Forces
- Reconstruction (1939-1951)-Germany
- Denazification
- Schuman plan
- United States. Department of State. Policy Planning Staff
- Harvard University. Center for International Affairs
- United States. Central Intelligence Agency
- European Coal and Steel Community
- Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969
- Dulles, John Foster, 1888-1959
- McCloy, John J. (John Jay), 1895-1989
- Monnet, Jean, 1888-1979
- Publisher
- Public Policy Papers
- Finding Aid Date
- 2017
- Access Restrictions
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Collection is open for research use.
- Use Restrictions
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Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. For quotations that are fair use as defined under U. S. Copyright Law, no permission to cite or publish is required. For those few instances beyond fair use, any copyright vested in the donor has passed to Princeton University and researchers are free to move forward with use of materials without anything further from Mudd Library. For materials not created by the donor, where the copyright is not held by the University, researchers are responsible for determining who may hold the copyright and obtaining approval from them. In these instances, researchers do not need anything further from the Mudd Library to move forward with their use. If you have a question about who owns the copyright for an item, you may request clarification by contacting us through the Ask Us! form.
Collection Inventory
Series 1 contains material reflecting Robert R. Bowie's wartime duty (1942-1945), his postwar assistantship to the Deputy Military Governor for Germany, General Lucius Clay (1945-1946), and his position as Special Adviser to High Commissioner for Germany John J. McCloy (1950-1951).
Series 1 also includes one folder of earlier correspondence by Robert Bowie's father Clarence K. Bowie, from 1927 to 1942.
Material from Bowie's wartime service in the Army and with the Deputy Military Governor, as well as additional material through 1949, appears in Series 1, Subseries 1. The series includes material from each of Bowie's Army assignments in Washington—the legal branch of the Purchases Division, the Office of the Director of Materiel, and the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion. Wartime papers include correspondence and memoranda, pamphlets from the government printing office, meeting minutes, and drafts of legal material such as the War Department Technical Manual on fixed-price supply contracts, as well as amendments to a law on appropriations for national defense. Bowie also drafted speeches for Colonel Albert Browning, Director of the Purchases Division, and reported on contract termination in Canada. Bowie's work centered on wartime contracts with military suppliers—especially the renegotiation and termination of war contracts.
At the war's end, Bowie was appointed Special Assistant to General Lucius Clay, who was then the Deputy Military Governor for Germany. Material from this period includes monthly reports of the Military Governor for the U.S. Zone, memoranda from Bowie to General Clay, reports of the Denazification Policy Board, material from the Allied Control Authority and the Office of the Military Government of the United States on the issues of reparations and rebuilding industry in Germany.
Bowie's correspondence from Frankfurt and Berlin, in Box 4, characterizes some of his work under Clay; in 1945, he worked on revision of military government directives, drafted papers for setting up the Allied Control Council, and helped to draft a proclamation for General Eisenhower to the German people. In 1945 and 1946, Bowie turned to the process of denazification, as well as addressing the problem of food shortages.
Series 1, Subseries 2 includes some material from the period between Bowie's two positions in Germany—in particular, papers that relate to his service on the Hoover Commission in 1949 (including correspondence with Hoover), as well as the drafts and texts of talks Bowie gave on the occupation of Germany once he had returned to the United States. Material in Box 4 reflects his participation in the Rules Committee for the Maryland Court of Appeals.
From 1950-1951, Bowie served in Frankfurt as General Counsel to John J. McCloy, U.S. High Commissioner for Germany. Material from the Office of Military Government period appears in Series 1, Subseries 2. The papers reflect that Bowie drafted speeches for McCloy, as well as giving a speech of his own, "Economic Bases of a Democratic State," in Hamburg. Material in Box 5 includes issues of Information Bulletin, the monthly magazine of the U.S. High Commission for Germany, as well as the office's press releases.
The "decartelization" of industry was one of Bowie's areas of focus, as well as creating a working and secure civilian government in the new Federal Republic. In particular, papers from this period focus on the Schuman Plan for creating a European Coal and Steel Community. Much of the Schuman Plan material in Box 5 is printed material, published in France and elsewhere—reports and bulletins of the French Assemblée Nationale; clippings in favor and in opposition; and German pamphlets introducing the Schuman Plan to the public.
Materials remain in the order in which they were received from the donor.
Physical Description5 boxes
Subseries 1 contains papers dated between 1927 and 1946, including Bowie's work on wartime contracts, and as Special Assistant to U.S. Deputy Military Governor Lucius Clay.
Materials remain in the order in which they were received from the donor.
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As well as records of Bowie's work with John J. McCloy, the U.S. High Commissioner of Germany, between 1950 and 1951, Subseries 2 contains papers from the postwar period 1946-1949, including Bowie's work on the Hoover Commission.
Materials remain in the order in which they were received from the donor.
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Series 2 contains material from Bowie's two separate positions at the State Department: as Director of the Policy Planning Staff and Assistant Secretary of State (1953-1957) under Eisenhower (Subseries 1), and as Counselor to the Secretary of State(1966-1968) under Johnson (Subseries 2). This period of time also covers Bowie's founding of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University in 1958.
Materials remain in the order in which they were received from the donor.
Physical Description2 boxes
Series 2, Subseries 1 contains material from the period when Bowie was Director of the Policy Planning Staff and Assistant Secretary of State (1953-1957), as well as some earlier correspondence from Harvard. Of particular note is personal business correspondence in Box 6, dated 1953 to 1957, when Bowie was head of Policy Planning at the State Department. Correspondents include David Cavers, Richard Nixon, Henri Frenay, Paul Freund, Louis Sohn, Shepard Stone, Robert Cutler, Fritz Oppenheimer, Grenville Clark, Richard Harrington, Charles Bohlen, Walter Rostow, General Alfred Gruenther, Jean Monnet, Dillon Anderson, Walter Hallstein, Hubert Humphrey, Chester Bowles, and others. Subjects include European unity, the EDC, Germany, atomic weapons, the United Nations, the Berlin Conference, India and Pakistan, Indo-China, Poland, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Suez crisis, among others. Correspondence folders from 1952 through early 1953, when Bowie was still teaching at the Harvard Law School, contain lists of his correspondents at the front.
Materials remain in the order in which they were received from the donor. Arrangement is chronological. Correspondence from January 1952 to April 1953 is arranged alphabetically within each month. Correspondence between May 1953 and 1957 is arranged chronologically.
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As well as material documenting Bowie's position as Counselor to Secretary of State Dean Rusk from 1966 to 1968, Series 2, Subseries 2 contains material from between Bowie's two State Department positions.
Material from the period between Bowie's two State Department positions includes his correspondence with Jean Monnet, a transcript with Bowie's handwritten corrections of his interview for the John Foster Dulles oral history project at Princeton University, his 1960 report on the North Atlantic nations to the Secretary of State, and a 1964 report on Atlantic policy to the Secretary of State.
Box 7 contains chronological files documenting Bowie's position as Counselor to the Secretary of State from 1966 to 1968 (Bowie was Consultant to the Secretary of State earlier in 1966, and sworn in as Counselor in September, 1966). The chronological files from this period include memoranda, correspondence, and occasional daily schedules and travel schedules for Bowie, as well as occasional outlines of points for public talks. Correspondents include Walter Rostow, John J. McCloy, Dean Rusk, Gerard Smith, Kenneth Younger, R. Jack Smith, Eugene McAuliffe, Walter Dowling, Stuart Symington, Jean Monnet, John Leddy, Robert McNamara, Martin Hillenbrand, Thomas Hughes, Henry Owen, J. Robert Schaetzel, Jean Paul Von Bellinghen, Paul Henri Spaak, Harry Boardman, Max Kohnstamm, Henry M. Jackson, Walter Hallstein, Philip Trezise, and several American ambassadors to Europe, among many others.
Subjects addressed in memoranda and State Department correspondence from this period include nonproliferation, East-West relations, NATO forces, the Warsaw Pact, tripartite talks on NATO strategy, the visit of Chancellor Erhard, suggested language for the non-proliferation treaty, space goals after the lunar landing, the nature of the Soviet threat, a multilateral force, the Middle East, the Chinese nuclear program, civil air agreements with the Netherlands and with Italy, foreign aid, assessment of Soviet military capabilities, a Dutch nuclear submarine, INTELSAT, COMSAT, Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger's visit, the technological gap between the U.S. and Europe, the Harmel Study on the future of NATO, German Eastern policy, and Vietnam, among others. Bowie's resignation as Counselor and his return to Harvard took place on April 1, 1968.
Series 2 also includes correspondence with John J. McCloy, and a 1966 report to the Secretary of State, "U.S. Foreign Policy in the Next Decade."
Materials remain in the order in which they were received from the donor.
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Series 3 contains copies of Bowie's briefings to the President from February 1978 to August 1979, when he was Deputy for National Intelligence at the CIA, as well as his daybooks from this period. The series includes personal correspondence from the CIA period, but does not contain agency correspondence. Most material from the CIA period appears in Box 10.
Bowie was appointed to serve as Deputy in March, 1977. A list of Bowie's presidential briefings appears in the folder for January 16, 1979. Presidential briefings cover the following: China and its economic prospects (Feb. 1978); the Soviet economy (June 1978; this folder also contains an August 1979 memo titled "Status of Interagency Work in Progress"); Iran (Oct. 1978); "African Trends" (Nov. 1978); China (January 1979); the PLO (Apr. 1979); and Turkey and Yugoslavia (August 1979). As well as copies of the briefing points, these folders contain some of Bowie's handwritten notes. Box 10 also contains memoranda (1976 and 1977) on the structure of the U.S. intelligence community. Bowie left the Agency in August, 1979.
The series also includes records of Bowie's official travel to London in 1978 and to Hilton Head, South Carolina in 1979 (for a seminar with Harry Boardman), as well as some of Bowie's other activities.
Series 3 also includes material from earlier in the 1970s, reflecting Bowie's participation in the Trilateral Commission and the Overseas Development Council, and his membership in the Academy of Arts and Sciences. The series includes Bowie's subject files on arms control and a new world economic order. The series contains correspondence with Kurt Birrenbach and Jean Monnet as well as documentation of Bowie's interviews for several oral histories (at Columbia University, at the Eisenhower Library). To some extent the series documents Bowie's teaching at Harvard University, as well as his research for and publication of the book Suez 1956.
Materials remain in the order in which they were received from the donor.
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Series 4 documents Bowie's activities after his government service and after his retirement from Harvard University in 1980. The series reflects Bowie's abiding interests in arms control, NATO and the Atlantic alliance.
Bowie's subject files date from the early 1980s, including correspondence and printed material. These subject files overlap with other material in the series, since they document Bowie's membership in organizations, his writing, and his participation in conferences. They are grouped together here because they reflect the organizational system that Bowie maintained during the period.
Material under Conferences and Organizations documents Bowie's work with a task force of the Committee for Economic Development, and his involvement with organizations such as the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Atlantic Council, the Overseas Development Council, the Trilateral Commission, the Brookings Institution, the Woodrow Wilson Center, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Nuclear History Program, the American Academy of Diplomacy, the Brookings Institution, and the Rules Committee of the Appeals Court of Maryland, among others. The series documents Bowie's role in the European Security Study (ESECS), a group of independent defense analysts who advocated bolstering NATO's conventional weaponry as an alternative to nuclear stockpiling. Bowie's involvement with many of these organizations extended through the 1980s and 1990s. Files relating to Harvard and the Center for International Affairs are also included in this category. One course file demonstrates that Bowie returned to teaching a course at Harvard in 1989-1990.
The series also documents Bowie's participation in conferences and seminars, such as annual Salzburg Seminars, conferences at the Woodrow Wilson Center, and conferences in honor of John Foster Dulles and Jean Monnet, among others. Files on conferences, as well as containing official schedules, often contain Bowie's notes and/or talking points.
Series 4 also contains the transcripts for several oral histories Bowie recorded during this period, as well as correspondence documenting Bowie's participation in radio interviews and television documentaries. The series contains notes for and typescripts of talks Bowie gave in the early 1980s and afterwards. One file contains correspondence and information compiled for a biography of Bowie by Australian doctoral student Andrew McFadzean.
Research and writing files contain contracts, research, and correspondence for Bowie's and Richard Immerman's book on Eisenhower's strategy, Waging Peace. Much of the Eisenhower research material appears in Box 18. Other writing includes Bowie's monthly column during the early 1980s for the Christian Science Monitor, as well as other articles, chapters and forewords.
Series 4 also contains several books that were included with Bowie's files. A copy of Lenin's Imperialism contains undated notes inserted by Bowie, and a copy of America's Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany (Thomas Alan Schwartz) includes Bowie's sticky notes. Other bound books in this series are authored by Bowie.
Materials remain in the order in which they were received from the donor.
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