Second Day's March: from Waterman's Tavern to Plainfield [in Connecticut]. 19-22 June 1781. The "Musclover" is the Moosup River. "Walen Town" is Voluntown (now Sterling Hill, Connecticut); "Dalens Taverne" is Dorance's Tavern. (The army camped here on its return march the following year, 8-9 November 1782; see No. 155, below.)

23 x 41.5 cm

Fourth Day's March: from Windham to Bolton: 21-24 June 1781. The "Rivière de Windham" is now called the Shetucket. The 4th camp was located in the town of Bolton, at the spot now known as Bolton Center.

23 x 40 cm

Sixth Day's March: from East Hartford to Farmington. 25-28 June 1781. The white square to the left of the word "Hartford" corresponds to the present site of the Old State House (built in 1796). The symbol resembling two posts (I I) on the crest of the hill, above the letter "D" of Hartford, designated the gallows on the Gallows Hill. See Itinerary 2 n. 26, where this "justice" is mentioned. "West Division" is the older term for West Hartford, which was set up as a separate town only in 1854.

23 x 34 cm

Eighth Day's March: from Barne's Tavern to Break Neck. 27-30 June 1781. The "Nacketack" is the Naugatuck River at Waterbury. Break Neck Hill, where the army camped, is in the town of Middlebury, a high point between the watershed of the Naugatuck to the east and the Housatonic to the west. The French all seemed to agree (cf. Clermont-Crèvecœur's journal, p. 30) that Break Neck was indeed a casse-cou.

23 x 34.5 cm

Tenth Day's March: from Newtown to Ridgebury. 1-2 July 1781. The army was now marching by brigades. The camp was at Ridgebury, a locality or parish in the northern part of the town of Ridgefield, Connecticut. Ridgebury is some 5 miles north of the village of Ridgefield proper. The map shows the camp by brigades, with a detachment of grenadiers and chasseurs in an advanced position. "Miry Broung" is Miry Brook.

23 x 33.5 cm

Twelfth Day's March: from North Castle to Philipsburg. On 6 July 1781 the French army marched in a single column from its camp at North Castle (Mount Kisco) south to Philipsburg, where it joined the American army. The Philipsburg camp, where the allied armies remained until 18-19 August, was on the heights between the Bronx and Sawmill river within the limits of the present town of Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York.

The right column of the French army followed this route again, in the opposite direction, when marching northward to King's Ferry, 19 August 1781. See Itinerary 3.

23 x 57 cm

March from Haverstraw to Suffern. 25-26 August 1781.This was the first march after the crossing of the Hudson at King's Ferry, made on successive days by the First Brigade (including the Bourbonnais and Deux-Ponts regiments) and Second Brigade (including the Soissonnais and Saintonge). The route led from the Haverstraw camp (i.e., Stony Point village) via Kakiat (present New Hempstead, Rockland County, New York) to Suffern, New York. Kakiat ("meeting house," "Coff taverne," "Keycit place" on map) was a pivotal point on the eighteenth-century routes leading from the Hudson into northern New Jersey: the "lower road," indicated here, went south along the Saddle River to Paramus and the Jersey lowlands, while the upper road taken by the French army went via Suffern into the Ramapo Valley, which was protected by mountains on the east. Suffern was likewise an important road junction: the road from New Windsor, north of West Point and The Highlands, via The Clove, came in here.

In preparation for the march through New Jersey, Jeremiah Wadsworth and John Carter (Church), purchasing agents for the French army, instructed their agent, David Reynolds, to assemble supplies (15 tons of hay, 20 tons of straw, 230 bushels of corn, 5 cords of wood) at each of the following "staging posts": Suffern, Pompton, Whippany, Bullion's Tavern, Somerset Courthouse, and Princeton.

22.5 x 31 cm

March from Pompton to Whippany: 27-29 August 1781. The First Brigade halted here an extra day, not leaving until the 29th; the whole army was thus camped at Whippany on the 28th. The upper branches of the Passaic River are sketched here in pencil; "fork," under the word "Whippany" in the heading, indicates present Two Bridges, at the confluence of the Pompton and Passaic river. "Ferme de Mr. Lot," to the left of Troy Town on the map, is Beverwyck, the estate of Lucas von Beverhoudt, then also the residence of Abraham Lott, a patriot refugee from New York City. See Itinerary 3, p. 57 and n. 36.

22.5 x 29.5 cm

March from Bullion's Tavern to Somerset Courthouse. 30-31 August 1781. The "Black-men road," left of map, is the road to Pluckemin. The "montagne très roide et très longue à monter" is the Second Watchung Mountain, north of present Martinsville. The descent over First Watchung Mountain down into the Raritan Valley was via Steele's Gap, as described above in Itinerary 4. "Vinvington house" is the Van Veghton house, near Van Veghtan's Bridge (the present bridge at Manville, State Route 553). Somerset Courthouse is present Millstone on the river of that name; the county seat was later moved to Somerville.

22.5 x 29 cm

March from Princeton to Trenton. 1-2 September 1781. The route follows closely present U.S. Route 206. "Stony brug Hameau," at left of map, indicates the "hamlet" at Stony Brook (Worth's Mill), one of the earliest settlements (ca. 1700) in what later became the town of Princeton. "Maidenhead" is present Lawrenceville, so renamed in honor of Captain James Lawrence, naval hero of the War of 1812. At Trenton two ferries are shown below the falls: Trenton Ferry, which crossed the Delaware from the foot of Ferry Street near the present Pennsylvania Railroad bridge, and Continental Ferry, lower down, which crossed from a point below the present site of Riverview Cemetery (Lamberton Road).

22.5 x 27 cm

March from Red Lion Tavern to Philadelphia. 3-4 September 1781. There was an extra day's halt in Philadelphia, the First Brigade departing on the 5th, the Second on the 6th. The "ancienne ligne Angloise," shown on the map beyond Kensington and to the north of the then-populated part of Philadelphia, extended from the mouth of Conoquonoque Creek on the Delaware (a bit to the north of the present Benjamin Franklin Bridge) westward to the height of land above the Schuyllkill now occupied by the Philadelphia Museum of Art; this line of fortifications, built by the British during their occupancy of the city in 1777-1778, ran approximately between present Callowhill and Spring Garden Streets. The map shows, upper right, the river forts: Billingsport and Red Bank (Fort Mercer) of the New Jersey shore of the Delaware, and Fort Miffin (of Mud Island) on the Pennsylvania side. General Rochambeau sailed down the river to Chester in order to inspect these forts; cf. Clermont-Crèvecœur's journal, n. 83. The "Maison à Mr. le Ch[evali]er de la Luzern," shown on the map below the Falls of Schuyllkill, lower right, was "Laurel Hill" (also known as the Randolph Mansion), a country house rented by the Chevalier de la Luzerne, the French minister; it still stands on the bluff overlooking the Schuylkill in East Fairmount Park, between "Ormiston" and "Strawberry Mansion."

22.5 x 34 cm

March from Chester [in Pennsylvania] to Wilmington and to Newport [in Delaware]. 6-7 September 1781. After Marcus Hook the route crossed Naaman Creek, several smaller streams, then the Brandywine, before entering Wilmington. As clearly shown here, Wilmington was originally built facing Christina Creek, according to a pattern similar to that of Philadelphia, with its Front Street along the Christina corresponding to Philadelphia's Front Street along the Delaware. The map indicates that one brigade (the Second) camped beyond Wilmington at Newport. The following year, when bound north, the army camped only at Newport (the four divisions in succession, 29 August-1 September 1782), and marched through Wilmington without halting there to camp; see No. 135.

22.5 x 27.5 cm

Roadstead and Harbor at Baltimore. This map, included in the series of road maps for the 1781 marches (see note on No. 60), shows a larger area than map No. 80. It is extended eastward to include Whetstone Point and its fortifications (now Fort McHenry National Monument) and Gorsuch's Point opposite. In addition to the army units shown on No. 80, this one indicates four other regiments, lower right. Although the identifying colors have not been completed, these probably represent American regiments under General Lincoln.

Other maps of Baltimore drawn the following year when the French army halted here from 24 July to 24 August 1782, are Nos. 129 to 130. The rapid growth of Baltimore during the decades following the Revolution may be traced by comparing Berthier's maps with the engraved map by A. P. Folie ("French Geographer"), "Plan of the Town of Baltimore and Its Environs" (1792), and with Warner and Hanna's engraved "Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore" (1801).

22.5 x 20 cm

Ford across the Elkridge River (near Baltimore). After leaving Baltimore and proceeding towards Spurrier's Tavern the army crossed the "Elkridge," i.e., the main branch of the Patapsco River, forming the boundary between Baltimore and Howard Counties. The ford, above the town then known as Elk Ridge Landing, is described in the note included on the map: "The detour that must be taken to cross by the ford is not great and I estimate the difference as about three-fourths of a mile, or a mile. The road leading to the ford is bad and filled with stones and foot-high stumps. As it approaches the ford the road is dangerous along the bank of the river, which is very deep in those places where the waters are damned up to operate the forges. This ford is very good if you pass between the big stones as marked here; if you stray from this line, you find large rocks and holes." ("Le détour quil faut faire pour passer au gué est tres peu de choses et j'estime la differénce a 3/4 de Mille ou 1 mille. Le chemin du gué est mauvais et rempli de Rochers et d'Arbres coupés a un pied de terre. En arrivant au gué il est dangereux suivant l'Escarpement de la Riviere qui est très profonde dans les Endroits ou les Eaux sont retenües pour faire aller les forges. - Ce gué est fort bon en cotoyant les grosses pierres cy marquées; lors qu'on s'en Ecarte on trouve de Grosses Roches et des Troüs.") The inscription, upper left, indicates that the little road up over the bluff ("la montagne") is "passable only for troops on foot."

There is no map for the 35th camp at Spurrier's Tavern (16 September 1781), but see below, No. 128, which shows the camp made there on 23-26 August 1782 when the army was returning northward from Virginia.

13.5 x 22.5 cm

Second Camp at Waterman's Tavern. 18-21 June 1781. Fifteen miles from the preceding camp at Providence. The dates on the maps of the camps, here and subsequently, are those of the arrival of the First Division. Since the army was marching in four divisions, each camp was occupied on at least four successive days. The maps are so oriented that the direction of the march is at the top of the sheet. The incoming and outgoing roads are generally designated by the point of departure of the day's march and by the next day's destination: in this instance, the Providence road and the Plainfield road. Waterman's Tavern is in the town of Coventry, Rhode Island. The "chemin de Providence" is now Matteson Road. The tavern itself is on Maple Valley Road. The "meeting-house" is no longer standing; State of Rhode Island Historic Cemetery, Coventry 37, is near the site. The stream on the left is Turkey Meadow Brook.

The army camped again on this site, by brigades, in November 1782, as indicated here by the units enclosed in dotted lines.

33 x 21 cm

Fourth Camp at Windham. 20-23 June 1781. Fifteen miles from the preceding camp at Plainfield. The pattern of the town, as shown here, is readily recognizable today. The "Windham River," on the east bank of which the army camped, is now called the Shetucket. "Chemin de Marshfield" is presumably an error for Mansfield.

On its return march in November 1782 the army camped again at Windham, but on a different site, east of the town; see No. 153.

33 x 21 cm

Sixth Camp at East Hartford. 22-28 June 1781. Twelve and a half miles from the preceding camp at Bolton Center. Each of the four infantry regiments halted here for two extra days. The positions shown nearest to the Connecticut River indicate the camp of the Bourbonnais on the right (22-23-24 June, replaced by the Saintonge, 25-26-27 June) and the Royal Deux-Ponts on the left (23-24-25 June). The position along the road from Bolton, in the lower part of the map, is that of the Soissonnais (24-25-26 June). Since the Saintonge departed only on 28 June, the East Hartford camp was occupied continuously from the 22nd to the 28th. The stream at the lower part of the map is the Hockanum River.

The 1782 encampment at East Hartford is shown on map, No. 151.

33 x 21 cm

Eighth Camp at Barnes's Tavern. 26-29 1781. Thirteen miles from the preceding camp at Farmington. The tavern kept by Asa Barnes was in the locality now known as Marion in the southwestern part of the town of Southington. A local historian, the Reverend Herman R. Timlow, in his Sketches of Southington, Conn. (Hartford, 1875) notes that in June 1781 "the French army, under the command of Count de Rochambeau passed through the town," and adds: "Marshall[!] Berthier was aid to the Count."

The position shown within dotted lines denotes the second of two regiments that camped here together on 26-27 October 1782, when the army was marching by brigades.

33 x 21 cm

Tenth Camp at Newtown. 28 June - 2 July 1781. Fifteen miles from the preceding camp at Break Neck. The four divisions are shown, with a detachment of grenadiers and chasseurs in a forward position west of Newtown's Main Street (which runs roughly north and south). The army camped again at Newtown on 24-26 October 1782.

33 x 21 cm

Thirteenth Camp at North Castle [Mount Kisco, New York]. 3-6 July 1781. The First Brigade, which left the Ridgebury camp on 2 July and bivouaked that night at Bedford, and the Second Brigade, which marched the whole distance from Ridgebury on 3 July, both reached North Castle on 3 July. As mentioned in the heading of the map, no plan of the Bedford (Village) bivouac of the First Brigade was drawn. North Castle is present Mount Kisco, Westchester County, New York. The "Etang" or pond, formerly known as Kirby Pond, no longer exists; the area is part of present Leonard Recreation Park. The stream flowing out of the pond is the Kisco River. The North Castle "meeting house," shown here, was St. George's Church (built in 1761); it no longer stands, but an old cemetery still marks the site.

A French hospital was maintained at North Castle during the period of the long encampment farther south at Philipsburg. There was a bivouac here at North Castle, 20 August 1781, when the army was proceeding north from Philipsburg to King's Ferry; see notes to Nos. 48 and 61.

33 x 21 cm

Sixteenth Camp at Hunt's Tavern. 21 August 1781. This was the second camp after Philipsburg. There is no map of the previous day's bivouac at North Castle (Mount Kisco). Hunt's Tavern was situated in present Yorktown, Westchester County, New York, on what is now designated as State Route 35 (U.S. 202) near the corner of Hallock's Mill Road, opposite Baldwin Road. The two ponds (étangs) shown on the map are Mohansic Lake and Crom Pond. The roads at the left of the sheet lead westward to New Bridge at the mouth of the Croton River. The four divisions with field artillery units are shown, as well as detachments of grenadiers and chasseurs, and Lauzun's Legion, the latter serving here as a rear guard facing the enemy to the southward.

The French army camped here again in the autumn of 1782 when returning from Virginia to New England. See Nos. 145 and 146, the map of its so-called Crompond encampment, where it remained from 17 September to 20 October 1782.

33 x 21 cm

Eighteenth Camp at Haverstraw. 24-25 August 1781. Two miles from King's Ferry. The army was now marching by brigades of two divisions each. The date on the map is that of the arrival of the First Brigade. The "Haverstraw" camp, the first after the crossing of the Hudson (and the eighteenth since the departure from Providence, Rhode Island) was in the locality now known as Stony Point Village (as distinguished from the Point proper). The designation "Haverstraw" is correct, since the name applied in 1781 to a larger area than the present town of Haverstraw, which is farther south. The larger of the two streams shown here is Cedar Pond Brook, flowing eastward into the Hudson.

In September 1782 one brigade camped again on this site; see No. 142.

33 x 21 cm

Twentieth Camp at Pompton Meetinghouse [in New Jersey]. 26-27 August 1781. Fifteen miles from the preceding camp at Suffern. The "meeting-house" shown on the map is the Dutch Reformed Church; the present church building and adjacent cemetery are on the same site, along the Newark-Pompton Turnpike, the main street of Pompton Plains, Morris County, New Jersey.

The army camped again at Pompton Plains on its return march in September 1782, as shown on map, No. 140.

33 x 21 cm

Twenty-Second Camp at Bullion's Tavern [Liberty Corner]. 29-30 August 1781. Sixteen miles from the preceding camp at Whippany. Bullion's Tavern was at the locality later called Liberty Corner, in Pernards Township, Somerset County, New Jersey. The spelling "Bullion" (probably a corruption of Boylan) also appears on American maps of the period. The stream shown on the map is Harrison's Brook, a tributary of Dead River, which in turn joins the Passaic. The sharp right-angle turn in the road still provides an unmistakable point of referende for identification of the site of the French camp. The road at top of map, left, was the route leading eventually to Quibbletown (New Market), Scotch Plains, or Chatham.

The army's 1782 encampment at Bullion's Tavern is shown on map, No. 139.

33 x 21 cm

Twenty-fourth Camp at Princeton. 31 August - 1 September 1781. Fourteen miles from the preceding camp at Somerset Courthouse. The "Collège" is Nassau Hall. The road leading in from the right of the map—here called the road from Somerset Courthouse, since that was the starting point of the day's March—is present Witherspoon Street. The army camped across the main road (Stockton Street, present U.S. Route 206) from the Richard Stockton residence (Morven), indicated here with its private entrance road (dotted lines). The camp extended across Mercer Street (which did not exist in 1781) on to grounds now occupied by the Princeton Theological Seminary. The crossroads at the lower part of the map is the present intersection of Nassau and Harrison Streets (Queenstown, Jugtown). The stream at the left of the map is Stony Brook, now enlarged at this point to form a part of Carnegie Lake.

The army camped again in Princeton, 7-8 September 1782, presumably on this same site, since no new map was drawn for the series representing the 1782 camps.

33 x 21 cm

Twenty-sixth Camp at Red Lion Tavern. 2-3 September 1781. Seventeen miles from the preceding camp at Trenton. This was the last place the army camped before entering Philadelphia. The stream is Poquessing Creek, which flows into the Delaware. The tavern itself was in the depression formed by the creek, the camp on the higher ground beyond it. The road corresponds to U.S. Route 13, now paralleled by Interstate 95, which runs still closer to the Delaware.

33 x 21 cm

Twenty-eighth Camp at Chester [in Pennsylvania]. 5-6 September 1781. Sixteen miles from Philadelphia. The street pattern shown here is still readily discernable in the heart of the modern city of Chester. The army's route from Philadelphia came in via present Market (formerly High) street. The first intersection shown corresponds to present Sixth Street, after which come Fifth, Fourth, the Market Square. The old market in the center of the intersection is represented on the map. Here the route turned sharp right along present Third Street and over the bridge across Chester Creek. The camp was southwest of the town on high ground along the road to Wilmington; the site is well inside the present city.

A year later, when marching in the opposite direction, the army camped again at Chester, by divisions, on 30 August-2 September 1782. The camp was then northeast of the town, on the road to Philadelphia, between Ridley and Crum creeks; see No. 136.

33 x 21 cm

Thirtieth Camp at Head of Elk [in Maryland]. 7-8 September 1781. Twenty miles from the preceding camp at Wilmington. The First Brigade halted an extra day, so that both brigades were camped here together on the 8th, to the morth of the main road leading through the village of Head of Elk, or Elkton. Elk Landing, a mile or so south of the village, was on the "Head of Elk River" (formed by the confluence of Big Elk and Little Elk creeks) at one of the northernmost tips of the Chesapeake Bay to the Delaware River was largely eliminated by the completion in 1829 of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal a few miles south.

It was hoped that the armies, both French and American, could embark at Head of Elk and be ferried down the Bay to Virginia. In spite of Washington's efforts to have sufficient transport vessels assembled here. only a limited number of troops could be accomodated. These included a French detachment commanded by Colonel Custine; cf. Clermont-Crèvecœur's journal, nn. 89-90. These units are shown on the map close to the landing (within and below the letter "H" of "Head of Elk").

The main part of the army thus continued its route towards Baltimore (and eventually Annapolis). The series of detailed road maps depicting the daily marches does not continue beyond Head of Elk, but the routes are schematically indicated on the comprehensive map of camps and marches, No. 162.

The French army camped again at Elkton, by divisions, on 28-31 August 1782; see No. 134.

33 x 21 cm

Bivouac at Bush Town, or Harford. 10 September 1781. Twelve miles from Lower Ferry. Bush, originally called Harford Town, was the county seat of Harford County until 1783, when the seat was moved to Bel Air. Bush is still a small hamlet very similar in its general pattern to the one shown on this map. It is on the "old Philadelphia road," present State Route 7, which has now been superseded as the main traffic artery by parallel highways to the east (U.S. 40) and west (Interstate 95) of it. The stream flowing eastward (left of map), beyond which the infantry regiments bivouacked, is Bynum Run, a tributary of Bush River, which in turn flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The road coming into the main road from the right of the map (below letter "B" of "Bush Town") is the route (present Calvary Road) over which the artillery and wagons arrived from Bald Friar Ford. As recorded in Clermont-Crèvecœur's journal (p. 53), they reached Bush on 10 September, joining up the next day with the infantry regiments at a point beyond White Marsh.

The following year the army camped again at Bush, by divisions, on 25-28 August 1782, in a slightly differnt position. Cf. No. 132.

33 x 21 cm

Thirty-fourth Camp at Baltimore. 12-15 September 1781. The street pattern shown on the map still underlies the section of modern Baltimore adjacent to the Basin, of "Port," as it is designated here. North is at the right of the map, west at the top. Charles Street runs along the west side of the "Port"; above it (running diagonally) is Liberty Street. The street running west to east through the middle of the grid is Market (now Baltimore) Street. The stream flowing from the north into the Basin is Jones's Falls; below it is Old Town, next is a depression known as the Harford Run, then a street (Point Lane, now Broadway) leading out to Fell's Point (not named on the map).

One brigade (the Soissonnais and Saintonge, with artillery) is shown to the left (south) of the "chemin de Spurier's Tavern," i.e., the road (approximately U.S. Route 1) leading to Georgetown; on a height to the right (north) of this road are more artillery and wagons, as well as two other units (including Lauzun's hussars, indicated by the cartographer's customary symbol for cavalry). Another brigade (the Bourbonnais and Duex-Ponts, with artillery) was camped in Old Town, east of Jones's Falls, in readiness for embarkation.

The expected embarkation did not take place at Baltimore. Again, as at Head of Elk, transports proved inadequate; cf. Clermont-Crèvecœur's journal, n. 98, and also Matthew Ridley's letter to Governor Lee, 9 September 1781, conveying Washington's urgent request "for collecting Vessels from all parts" at Baltimore. Thereupon the army, now under the command of the Baron de Viomenil (Rochambeau having proceeded ahead with Washington overland to Williamsburg), resumed its march on 16 September, bound for Georgetown and Alexandria on the Potomac. Upon reaching the next camp at Spurrier's Tavern, news of the arrival of La Villebrune's squadron at Annapolis determined a countermarch back to the shores of the Chesapeake Bay.

33 x 21 cm

Thirty-ninth Camp at Williamsburg. The road from Archer's Hope over which the army marched to its positions "at the gates of Williamsburg" is at the lower center of the map (below the word "Rich-mill's"). Clermont-Crèvecœur's journal (p. 56) notes that the field artillery was brought up College Creek in boats and unloaded at College Landing (lower right of map). The new arrivals found Saint Simon's regiments already encamped to the northwest of the town (lower left, tinted yellow) and Lafayette's Americans (tinted green) west and south of the College of William and Mary. The French detachment that had been brought from Newport in Barras's squadron was also in camp (cf. Verger's journal, p. 137), as was the vanguard under Custine that had enbarked at Head of Elk. Rochambeau's regiments (tinted yellow) made their camp to the east of town behind the Capitol, while Washington's Americans (tinted green) took a position farther to the south. The encampment at Williamsburg marked the 39th camp of Rochambeau's army since its departure from its 1st camp at Providence, Rhode Island, on 18 June. This map is the last in the "cahier" of the 1781 camps. [The 40th and final camp of this "campaign," showing the siege of Yorktown, referred to at the bottom of the sheet, is reproduced in the Rice/Brown volume but is not part of the Berthier Papers at Princeton.]

32 x 21 cm

Second Camp Two Miles beyond Byrd's Tavern. 2-5 July 1782. Eight miles from the previous camp. Byrd's (frequently written "Bird's") Tavern was earlier known as Doncastle's Ordinary and was situated about 2 miles south of present Barhamsville. Since the French camped 2 miles beyond the tavern (which is not shown on the map), this would seem to place their camp at Barhamsville. The road branching off to the ight, not taken by the army, led to Ruffin's Ferry, which crossed the Pamunkey above West Point.

33 x 21 cm

Fourth Camp at Hartfield. 4-7 July 1782. Seven and one half miles from the previous camp. The name "Hartfield," which should presumably read "Harfield," has disappeared from modern maps. A Micheal Harfield appears in the New Kent County Tax List for 1782 (Virginia State Library), and Harfields are also mentions in the Vestry Book of St. Peter's Parish, part of which coincided with the western part of this county. Itinerary 6 describes the position near "Hartfield House" (the building shown here on a small round hillock) as a very poor campsite. It was located some 3 miles northwest of New Kent Courthouse (through which the army had marches on its way here), alond the old road to New Castle. The creek flowing into the Pamunkey, shown here on the map, is perhaps Big Creek or White House Creek. Cf. U.S. Geological Survey, Tunstall Qadrangle. The site of "The White House" home of Martha Dandridge Custis at the time of her marriage to George Washington, is in this general region, as is the Pamunkey Indian Reservation across the river.

33 x 21 cm

Sixth Camp at Hanovertown. 7-10 July 1782. Seven miles from the previous camp. Hanovertown (not to be confused with Hanover Courthouse, which was some 10 miles beyond to the northwest) has, like New Castle, disappeared from modern maps. The French camp was a mile beyond the little town shown here, which had been laid out by vote of the Virginia Assembly in 1762 near Page's Warehouse. The small stream on the map is a tributary of the Pamunkey. The wagon train had camped here on 4 October 1781; see Itinerary 6, where it is recorded that Hanovertown and vicinity had suffered considerable damage from Cornwallis's raiders.

33 x 21 cm

Eighth camp ar Burk's Bridge or Kenner's Tavern. 9-12 July 1782. Twelve miles from the previous camp. Burk's Bridge, which crossed the Mattaponi some 9 mile south of Bowling Green, was in Caroline County along present U.S. Route 301. John Burk was licensed as a tavernkeeper there. Although the wagon train did not camp at Burk's Bridge in 1781, the Itinerary describing its route notes that "a camp could be located in front of Burk's Brudge." "Kenner's Tavern" (the building to the left of the letter "k") is called "Kenner's Red House" on Colles's 1789 road map (Plate 72); the Itinerary (1781) refers to it only as "the red house."

33 x 21 cm

Tenth Camp at Charles Thornton's House. 11-14 July 1782. Eight and one half miles from the previous camp. The camp was on high ground beyond Charles Thornton's house on the road leading north to Fredericksburg and Falmouth. Some 2 miles beyond the campsite, but not shown on the map, was Todd's Ordinary (present Villboro, Caroline Country) where, according to Von Closen (p. 210), the headquarters was located. "Charles" Thornton's house was evidently so designated in order to distinguish it from "Widow" Thornton's, another "Fine house," 2 miles or so to the south and past which the army had marched on its way to its camp. Both Thornton houses are mentioned in the Itinerary (6) of the wagon train and are shown in Colles's Survey, Plates 70-71. When proceeding southward the wagon train had stopped to the east of the present route, at Colonel Dangerfield's plantation on the banks of the Rappahannock, as described in a fragment of Berthier's journal, Itinerary 6, n. 33.

33 x 21 cm

Twelfth Camp at Peyton's Tavern. 15-17 July 1782. As explained in the heading, the First Division had camped on 14 July at "Garrot's" Tavern, 13 miles frrom the previous camp at Falmouth, but because of insufficient water there the divisions following continued 3 miles farther to camp here at Peyton's Tavern. Several of the officer's journals metnion the hot weather and consequent importance of good spring water: e.g., Verger, p. 159. Peytons's Ordinary, as the tavern was also called, was a few miles north of Stafford (county seat of Stafford County, on present U.S. Route 1). The stream shown here is Aquia Run according to Colles, Survey, Plate 68.

33 x 21 cm

Fourteenth Camp at Colchester. 16-19 July 1782. Ten miles from the previous camp at Dumfries. The town of Colchester, near the mouth of Occoquan Creek (east of present U.S. Route 1), was already in a state of decline when the French army camped nearby. Verger (p. 159) describes it as "almost deserted." The infantry was ferried across the Occoquan, but the artiller was obliged to use a ford 4 miles upstream. The road to the for ( chemin du gué) is indicated on the map. Chastellux describes a meeting here with General Daniel Morgan: "I was then at Colchester, where the first division of the troops had just arrived, after having crossed in boats a small river that flows near this town. The baggage train and the artillery had taken another route to reach a rather difficult ford. General Morgan met the baggage train when it was engaged in a narrow gorge, and finding that the wagoners were not managing very well, he stopped and showed them how they should drive their wagons. After having put everything in order, he called at my quarters and had dinner with me. The simplicity of his bearing and the nobility of his manners reminded me of those ancient Gallic or Germanic chiefs, who, when at peace with the Romans, came to visit them and offer assistance. He expressed great attachment to the French nation, and great admiration for the fine appearance of our troops. . . ." Chastellux (4), II, 581.

33 x 21 cm

Sixteenth Camp, a Mile and a Half beyond Georgetown. 18-21 July 1782. Eight miles from the previous camp at Alexandria. Details concerning the ferries over the Potomac, which the had crossed before reaching Georgetown (then in Maryland) on the east bank of the river, are given in the description of the wagon train's 1781 march in the opposite direction, in Itinerary 6. The stream shown here is a small segment of Rock Creek in what is now the city of Washington, D.C. The camp was located on high ground on the east bank of the creek, presumably in the vicinity of the present P Street Bridge, along the road from Georgetown to Bladensburg. In 1782 the District of Columbia was still in the future and L'Enfant's geometric grid had not yet been superimposed on the old road pattern. Cf. Colles, Survey, Plate 65.

The army had covered the route from Williamsburg to Georgetown--167 miles according to the mileage figures on the maps--in 18 days (2 of them halts) and 16 marches. The wagon train, when proceeding southward by forced marches over roughly the same route in September-October 1781, had covered it in 12 daily marches (no halts). Although the mileage estimates for the two marches do not exactly coincide, it would appear that the average daily march for the army in July 1782 was a bit over 10 miles, whereas that for the wagon train in 1781 had been over 16 miles a day.

33 x 21 cm

Eighteenth Camp at Snowden's Iron Works [Laurel, Maryland]. 22-25 July 1782. Thirteen and a half miles from the previous camp at Bladensburg. Snowden's Iron Works was on the patuxent River. Major Thomas Snowden's house, shown here, is "Montpelier," still standing on present State Route 197. Verger's journal (p. 160) designates the camp as "Rose's Tavern," also shown on the map.

33 x 21 cm

Twentieth Camp at Baltimore. 24 July - 24 August 1782. During its month-long encampment here the army's positions were more extended than during the brief stop in Baltimore in September 1781; cf. Nos. 80 and 81. This time the camp stretched southward from a point near present Franklin and Paca Streets (left of map) to a point near Hanover and Lee Streets. The steam west of the camp (shown at bottom of map) flowing into Ridgeley's Cove was the Chatsworth Run, now lost beneath city pavements. Lauzun's Legion is shown in an advanced position on another height, in the vicinity of the present "old" Roman Catholic Cathedral (designed by Latrobe, dedicated in 1821).

When the army reached Baltimore, its subsequent destination was not generally known, though it was a matter of much specualtion among all the ranks. The decision to march north to join the Americans on the Hudson had been made at a conference between Rochambeau and Washington in Philadelphia, 19 July (cf. Clermont-Crèvecœur's journal, n. 155), and was subsequently confirmed in Washington's letter to Rochambeau, 16 August 1782 (Writings of GW, XXV, 26-28). "I am of opinion," Washington wrote from his headquarters at Newburgh, "that no good consequences can result from your remaining at Baltimore, but that many advantages may attend your marching forward and forming a junction with this Army."

When the army marched north—the First Division on 24 August—Rochambeau left behind the detachments under La Valette and Chazelles that had been transported there from Virginia, as well as a hospital. They remained until May 1783, when they returned directly to France. Thus several hundred French soldiers were in Baltimore for nine month or so longer.

33 x 21 cm

"Twenty-second Camp at Bush Town." 25-28 August 1782. Twelve and a half miles from the preceding camp at White March Forge. The army had bivouacked here at Bush, in a slightly different position, in September 1781; cf. No. 78. The main road leading through the town is present State Route 7. The road branching off to the left is the "road to Bald Friar Ford" (present Maryland State Road 136). On this northward march the entire army proceeded direclty to Lower Ferry, whereas the previous year the artillery and wagons had made a detour via Bald Friar Ford (see note to No. 77). The building shown at the right of the map is Bush Mill; the millrace can be traced from Bynum Run across the highway to the mill.

33 x 21 cm

Twenty-fourth Camp at Head of Elk [in Maryland]. 28-31 August 1782. Fifteen miles from the preceding camp at Lower Ferry. The stream shown at right is Big Elk Creek. The entire army had been united here at Head of Elk the previous year when expecting to embark for transportation down the Chesapeake Bay. Cf. No. 76. The present map does not show the waterfront at Elk Landing, since it had no significance during the 1782 march. The slightly different locations of the two encampments can be determined by reference to the triangular road intersection shown on both maps.

33 x 21 cm

Twenty-Sixth Camp at Chester [in Pennsylvania]. 30 August - 2 September 1782. Fifteen miles from the preceding camp at Newport, Delaware. The camp was to the northeast of the town of Chester, along the road to Philadelphia, on high ground between the two streams shown here: Ridley Creek at the bottom of the map, and Crum Creek at the top. This is in the general vicinity of the present Baldwin Locomotive Works. The 1781 camp had been southwest of Chester; cf. Nos. 58 and 74.

33 x 21 cm

Thirty-first Camp at Somerset Courthouse [Millstone, New Jersey]. Also "Camp à Read Lion T., Le 2 Septembre, 15 miles de Philadelphie - manque" [no map], "Camp à Trenton, Le 3 Septembre, 16 miles de Read Lion Voyés campagne 1781, 25eme Camp. Le 4, 5, et 6 Sejour" [no map], "Camp à Prince-Town, Le 7 Septembre, 12 miles de Trentown. Voyés campagne 1781, 24e Camp" [no map]. 8-9 September 1782. Fourteen miles from the preceding camp at Princeton. The camp ground at Somerset Courthouse was in a slightly different location from that of 1781, as can be seen by comparison with maps Nos. 53 and 68. This time two regiments were placed on the bank of the Millstone, east of the road and opposite the church. The main road shown here is present State Route 533; the second (from the top) of the three roads crossing the Millstone and leading to New Brunswick is approximately present State Route 514.

As indicated in the heading, no new maps for the preceding camps at Red Lion Tavern (28th), Trenton (29th), and Princeton (30th) are included in this series, the army having camped in the same positions as in 1781; cf. Nos. 72, 70, and 69. On the present march, after leaving Trenton, the army marched northward through New Jersey by brigades: the First included the Bourbonnais and Royal Deux-Ponts regiments, the Second, the Saintonge and Soissonnais. Covering the main corps on its right, the Lauzun Legion, commanded by Colonel Robert-Guillaume Dillon, took a route farther to the east, proceeding in seven marches via (1) Kingston, (2) New Brunswick, (3) Scotch Plains, (4) Chatham, (5) The Forks (Two Bridges), (6) Paramus, and (7) Kakiat (New Hempstead, New York) before joining up with the army at Haverstraw prior to crossing the Hudson at King's Ferry. At this time the enemy still occupied New York, and there were rumors of reinforcements arriving there. See Von Closen's journal, p. 234, and Verger's journal, n. 145.

33 x 21 cm

Thirty-fourth Camp at Pompton Meetinghouse [Pompton Plains]. Also "Camp à Wippany, le 10 Septembre, 16 miles de Bulllion's Tavern. Voyès la Campagne 1781, 21e camp. (Le 11 Séjour)" [no map]. 12-13 September 1782. Fifteen miles from the previous camp at Whippany, where each of the two brigades had remained an extra day. No new map of the Whippany camp was included in this series, since the camp was in the same position in 1781; see No. 66.

There had also been a camp at Pompton Plains the previous year (No. 65), but since the present camp is in a slightly different position, there is a new map. Comparison of the two maps and reference to the "Metting-house," shown on both, indicate that the greater part of the troops camped this time on the eastern side of the main road. In both instances, as indicated by the points on the symbols for regiments, the camp "faces" the enemy, who occupied Manhattan and Staten Islands to the eastward. This 1782 map includes a larger area than the earlier one, extending northward to the bridges across the river at the top of the sheet. (The two branches of the Pompton are called the Pequannock and Wanaque on modern maps.) An advance unit is shown here near the river crossing, where a small work protecting a strategic point in the road communication system is situated. The road branching off to the left (labeled upside down) went to Ringwood and thence, via The Clove, to New Windsor, which is on the Hudson above West Point. The road here designated as "Chemin de Suffrantz" sent to present Pompton Lakes (Passaic County), then through the Ramapo Valley (present U.S. Route 202) to Suffern, New York, the next camp. This route is shown on map, No. 50, and is described in Itinerary 3.

33 x 21 cm

Thirty-sixth Camp at Haverstraw. 14-16 September 1782. Fifteen and a half miles from the preceding camp at Suffern. The First Brigade remained here for three days, the Second Brigade for two, before crossing the Hudson at King's Ferry on 17 September. The First Brigade camped on this site already used the previous year (cf. No. 63) north of Cedar Pond Brook, in what is now the village of stony Point. The Second Brigade camped farther south, along the road leading from the village of Haverstraw to "Smith-house." This was the house of Joshua Hett Smith, later known as "Treason House," where Arnold and Andre spent the night of 21-22 September 1780; the site is now occupied by the New York State Rehabilitation Hospital (West Haverstraw). The stream at the far right of the map is Minisceongo Creek.

33 x 21 cm

Thirty-eighth Camp at Hunt's Tavern. 24 September - 21 October 1782. Eight miles from the preceding camp at Peekskill. The army had already camped here the previous year, as shown on map, No. 61. The road running from the bottom to the top of the sheet (shouth) is Crompond Road, present State Route 35 (U.S. 202) in the town of Yorktown, New York. The lower or the two roads leading into it from the right is present Baldwin Road. Hunt's Tavern (not so labeled on this map) is the house situated at this junction. The road leading off at this point to the left (which the army would eventually take when resuming its march to Salem Center) is present Hallock's Mill Road. An outlet of Crom Pond (the larger of the two "Etangs") curves around the high ground where part of the army camped behind the tavern and then crosses Hallock's Mill Road. The "Qier Gal" (Quartier General), i.e., Rochambeau's Headquarters, was situated here in Samuel Delevan's house. For the story of Delevan's claims against the General, see Verger's journal, n. 158. The position of the "Hunt's Tavern camp" within the general "Crompond" area is shown on the next map.

33 x 21 cm

Fortieth Camp at Danbury [in Connecticut]. 23-24 October 1782. Eleven miles from the preceding camp at Salem Center, New York. When marching to Danbury the army passed through Ridgbury where it had camped the previous year (cf. No. 37); henceforth it followed, in the opposite direction, the route already taken in 1781. The road from Ridgebury to Danbury is shown on map, No. 23.

The road at the lower right coming in from the previous camp at Salem is present West Wooster Street, which joins Main Street at right angles. The "Meeting house" shown at this point is the Congregational Church, no longer standing; its site was near the present County Courthouse. The route went right to the foot of Main Street, then left into South Street. The second "Meeting house" shown here is the early Episcopal Church, which has also disappeared from this site. A bit farther along, a road (approximately present Coal Pit Hill Road) branches right (south) to Stratford and Newtown. Beyond this junction, on high ground to the north of the road, two regiments camped. The artillery was farther forward near the bank of the Simpaug, a small tributary of the Still River. After crossing the brook the route (corresponding to present Shelter Rock Road) led on towards Newtown, as shown on map, No. 23.

The "hôpital" in the lower part of the map was a military hospital maintained by the Americans, which local tradition places in the "Hoyt House" on present Park Avenue.

33 x 21 cm

Forty-fifth Camp at East Hartford. 29 October - 5 November 1782. Twelve and a half miles from the preceding camp at Farmington. Owing to the extra séjour, or halt, the entire army was encamped here together, as shown, from 30 October through 4 November. The camp was east of the village and of the Hockanum River, on either side of the road to Bolton Center. When the army stopped here the previous year, only one regiment (Soissonnais) camped in this position. The other regiments had been west of the village closer to the banks of the Connecticut in an area not included on the present map; cf. No. 32.

It was here at East Hartford that Rochambeau announced that the army would march to Boston and embark there for the West Indies. Many had hitherto supposed that they would remain in winter quarters at Hartford; cf. Clermont-Crèvecœur's journal, p. 81. See also Von Closen, pp. 263-264, and Chastellux (4), II, 477.

Dr. Ezra Stiles, journeying westward with his wife, met up with the French army at this time. He noted in his diary (4 November) that he saw the First Division at Bolton (where General Rochambeau visited him at the Reverend Mr. Colton's house), and then, on 5 November, when proceeding from Bolton to East Hartford: "Met & passed the 2d. Div. of French Army, probably 1500 men. The whole sd. to be 4000, I judge 3000. We stopt our chaise near half an hour in passing the Troops, & afterwards above half an hour in passing 2 Divisions of Wagons, I judge 200. Some of them sd. they had 500 Waggons for whole Army. . . ."

33 x 29 cm

Forty-seventh Camp at Windham. 5-7 November 1782. Sixteen and a half miles from Bolton. There was an additional day's stop here. The camp was east of the village on either side of the road leading to Canterbury (present State Route 14). The previous year the army had camped west of the village on the banks of the Shetucket; cf. Nos. 16 and 30.

No artillery units are shown on the map. Von Closen (p. 263) notes that the artillery obtained permission to march as far as Providence one day in advance of the First Brigade. See also Clermont-Crèvecœur's journal, p. 81.

33 x 29 cm

Forty-ninth Camp at Voluntown [Sterling Hill, Connecticut]. 8-9 November 1782. Ten miles from the preceding camp at Canterbury. "Walen-Town," I.e., Voluntown, here refers to the present village of Sterling Hill in the town of Sterling, Windham County, Connecticut, and not to the present village of Voluntown in the town of that name, New London County, some nine miles to the south. In 1782 the town of Voluntown included territory that was later, in 1794, incorporated separately as the town of Sterling.

The army had passed through Vountown but had not camped there in June 1781, as shown on the road map, No. 15. Dorrance's Tavern (still standing) is the building just above the letter "w" in "Town." General Chastellux in his Travels recorded much information about the tavern-keeper, Samuel Dorrance, and his family; see Chastellux (4), Index. The army's 1782 camp was in the fields east of the tavern on the north side of the road (present State Route 14-A).

33 x 29 cm

Fifty-third Camp at Wrentham [in Massachusetts]. 1-4 December 1782. Sixteen miles from the preceding camp at North Providence. The camp ground lay between Lake Archer (the "Etang" at the left of the map) and Main Street, near present State Route 1-A, the old road from Providence to Boston.

33 x 29 cm