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Wagner Free Institute of Science Director's files
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Held at: Wagner Free Institute of Science [Contact Us]1700 W. Montgomery Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19121
This is a finding aid. It is a description of archival material held at the Wagner Free Institute of Science. Unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in their reading room, and not digitally available through the web.
Overview and metadata sections
Incorporated by William Wagner (1796-1885) in 1855, the Wagner Free Institute of Science is a natural history museum and educational institution in Philadelphia that is dedicated to providing free public education in the sciences. Indeed, “its free public education courses on science … are the oldest program devoted to free adult education in the United States.” (The First 150 Years, page 1).
Following the death of William Wagner, the Board of Directors of the Wagner Free Institute of Science shaped and oversaw the daily running of the Institute’s educational, library and museum activities. This changed in the early 1900s when a Superintendent (title later changed to Director) was hired to oversee the daily running fo the Institute. The Superintendent/Director reported to the Board of Trustees and that body made decisions about the Institute’s financial expenditures, policies and programs. Samuel Wagner served as President of the Board of Trustees of the Wagner Free Institute from 1885 to 1921 and as President Emeritus from 1921 to 1937. Other administrators of the Wagner include: Thomas Lynch Montgomery, Actuary and Librarian from 1886 to 1903; John Rothermel, Superintendent from 1903 to 1913 and Director from 1914 to 1924; Carl Boyer, Curator from 1924 to 1928 and Director from 1928 to 1945; Robert Chambers, Director from 1945 to 1980; and John Graham, Director, 1980 to 1988. These directors oversaw “a leading force in public education in Philadelphia,” (The First 150 Years, page 2) originally conceived, organized and run by William Wagner.
William Wagner, “a noted Philadelphia merchant, philanthropist, gentleman scientist, and lifelong collector of natural history specimens,” (The First 150 Years, p. 1) was born in Philadelphia and graduated from the Philadelphia Academy, which later became the University of Pennsylvania, in 1808. He started his career in an apprenticeship in the counting house of Stephen Girard, a Philadelphia financier. As time passed, Wagner’s duties progressed until he was “assigned the position of supercargo and sent overseas to look after Girard’s shipping interests,” (NRHP Registration, Section 8, page 2). He continued working for Girard for seven years, learning from him about both business and philanthropy. Wagner then formed two businesses: a mercantile partnership with Captain Snowden creating his business Snowden & Wagner which existed from 1819 to 1825; and the Lennoxville Steam Saw Mill which existed from 1925 to 1828. By 1940, Wagner “retired from his commercial pursuits,” (NRHP Registration, Section 8, page 2).
Until this time, Wagner’s travels provided him with opportunities to collect specimens and in 1841 and 1842, he travelled to Europe with his wife. During this trip, Wagner continued to collect specimens and visited “principal scientific institutes of the Continent,” (NRHP Registration, Section 8, page 2). Upon his return to Philadelphia, the size of his specimen collection necessitated the building of a wing which he called “The Cabinet” at his home, Elm Grove. In 1847, “believing strongly that education in the sciences should be available to everyone, Wagner began offering free lectures on science at his home,” (The First 150 Years, page 1) using his extensive collection of natural history specimens. By 1855, his home no longer accommodated the number of people interested in his lectures, and he moved the lectures to the Municipal Hall at 13th and Spring Garden Streets and formally established the Wagner Free Institute of Science. Its “program [was] codified in a charter drafted by Wagner, himself,” (NRHP Registration, Section 8, page 2) on May 21, 1855. The existing building which houses the Wagner Free Institute of Science was opened in 1865 and includes an exhibit gallery, classrooms, a library and a lecture hall.
Although, he served as President of the Wagner Free Institute of Science until his death in 1885, he prepared for the future of his Institute and, in 1864, decided to leave his “estate to the charge of a Board of Trustees who would continue to run the institution according to [Wagner’s] original goals,” (NRHP Registration, Section 8, pages 3-4). After his death, the Board of Directors appointed Joseph Leidy as director of the academic programs of the Wagner Free Institute of Science. Leidy was “a biologist of international reputation,” (The First 150 Years, page 2) and was serving as Professor of Anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania and President of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Leidy, who served until his death in 1891, “expanded the programs at the Institute to include a more significant and extensive course of scholarly research,” obtained “some of the most noted scientists and explorers of the age, including Angelo Heilprin, Joseph Willcox and Henry Leffmann for his faculty,” (NRHP Registration, Section 8, page 5). He also founded, with member of the Board Sydney Skidmore, the Society for the Extension of University Teaching on November 5, 1890 and reorganized the Wagner Free Institute of Science’s Natural History Museum into a systematic display. The Museum's arrangement remains virtually unaltered to this day.
In 1892, Samuel Wagner, along with several other Philadelphians “appl[ied] for a charter to form the Free Library of Philadelphia,” (NRHP Registration, Section 8, page 6) and The Wagner Free became Branch No. 1 of the Free Library of Philadelphia. In 1901, a new wing was built and housed the library collections until the Columbia Avenue branch opened in 1962.
According to the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, the Wagner Free Institute of Science is “a nationally significant monument documenting the development of science, education and museums,” (NRHP Registration, Section 8, page 2).
Bibliography:
“The First 150 Years: A Brief History,” author unknown, circa 2008.
National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 1989.
This collection contains records of the operations of the Wagner Free Institute from 1883 to 1948. The collection is divided into six series: "Financial records," "Correspondence," "Committee/Department records," "Museum records," "Instruction records," and "Library records." The bulk of the collection is financial material and correspondence.
These records would be of interest to those researching: the study of natural history in the United States circa 1885-1924; the history of scientific and educational movements in the United States, including the study of natural history, paleontology, Darwin’s evolution of species, and/or environmental conservation; and the phenomena of free public education, the university extension movement, and the free public library movement.
The “Financial Records” series contains detailed documentation of the Institute’s general financial activities between 1883 and 1943. The bulk of these materials document activities from 1907 through 1939. This series documents both internally and externally created records. Internally created records are of two kinds: those that analyze the Institute’s assets and expenses; and those that document the Institute’s day-to-day financial activities. Examples of the former include trial balance sheets; Treasurer’s and Actuary’s reports; monthly finance statements; and rent cards. Examples of internally created records that document the day-to-day financial activities include paid vouchers; order books; and cancelled checks. In addition to these internally created records, this series also contains statements from various banks which show the activities of Institute’s various funds, as well as insurance policies for the Institute building and its contents, and the rental properties. Taken together, this series creates a broad view of the Institute’s resources and operating expenses. This series is arranged chronologically.
The “Correspondence” series contains incoming correspondence from 1887 to 1948, and outgoing correspondence beginning in 1924. This correspondence covers the Institute’s building, renovations and additions, as well as its financial interests, real estate holdings, and educational activities. This series is arranged chronologically. The correspondence for each year is grouped by received mail and sent mail.
The “Committee/Department records” series contains records from four different components of the Institute’s organization: The Committee on Finance and Property; the Committee on Publications; the Joseph Leidy Commemorative Committee; and the Department of Chemistry. This material dates from 1892 to 1940. The first group of records includes official documents created by the Committee on Finance and Property such as the monthly bill payment approvals and meeting minutes. The second committee represented in this series is the Committee on Publications. This brief section of the collection contains reports generated by the committee between the years 1929 and 1940. This series also houses one folder which contains the proceedings of the Joseph Leidy Commemorative Committee from 1923. The final component of the Institute represented in this series is the Department of Chemistry. This portion of the series is a collection of vouchers and other records that document the operating expenses for this specific aspect of the Institute’s activities. Each of the four subseries is arranged chronologically.
The “Museum records” series contains papers created by the Museum between 1892 and 1940. The majority of these papers are different types of reports that describe the Museum’s activities, goals and objectives at a particular time. This series also contains some receipts and inventories that demonstrate how the Museum made use of the available funds. The series is arranged chronologically.
The “Instruction records” series contains papers from 1892 to 1940. These papers demonstrate the Institute’s mission of providing free scientific education to the public. Included in this series are reports of the Committee on Instruction; correspondence regarding the Westbrook Free Lectureship; and course programs and proposals. This series also contains some financial records that show the operating expenses of the Westbrook Free Lectureship. The series is arranged chronologically.
The “Library records” series contains papers from 1884 to 1940. The bulk of the papers in this series is from between 1894 and 1940. This series includes Library reports; bindery lists; subscription lists; and Library committee correspondence and reports. All of these papers demonstrate the Institute’s effort to carry out its mission of providing public scientific education via literature. This series also includes some financial material that provides evidence of the library’s operating expenses. This series is arranged chronologically.
The processing of this collection was made possible through generous funding from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, administered through the Council on Library and Information Resources’ “Cataloging Hidden Special Collections and Archives” Project.
This collection was minimally processed in 2009-2011, as part of an experimental project conducted under the auspices of the Philadelphia Area Consortium of Special Collections Libraries to help eliminate processing backlog in Philadelphia repositories. A minimally processed collection is one processed at a less intensive rate than traditionally thought necessary to make a collection ready for use by researchers. When citing sources from this collection, researchers are advised to defer to folder titles provided in the finding aid rather than those provided on the physical folder.
Employing processing strategies outlined in Mark Greene's and Dennis Meissner's 2005 article, More Product, Less Process: Revamping Traditional Processing Approaches to Deal With Late 20th-Century Collections, the project team tested the limits of minimal processing on collections of all types and ages, in 23 Philadelphia area repositories. A primary goal of the project, the team processed at an average rate of 2-3 hours per linear foot of records, a fraction of the time ordinarily reserved for the arrangement and description of collections. Among other time saving strategies, the project team did not extensively review the content of the collections, replace acidic folders or complete any preservation work.
People
- Chambers, Robert
- Leffmamn, Henry, 1847-1930
- Montgomery, Thomas Lynch, 1862-
- Rothermel, John
- Wagner, Samuel, 1842-1937
- Wagner, William, 1796-1885
- Willcox, Joseph
Organization
- Free Library of Philadelphia.
- Girard Life Insurance, Annuity, and Trust Company.
- Wagner Free Institute of Science.
Subject
- Libraries
- Natural history libraries
- Natural history museums
- Richard Westbrook lectures of the Wagner Free Institute of Science
- Science and technology libraries
- Science--Study and teaching
Place
- Publisher
- Wagner Free Institute of Science
- Finding Aid Author
- Finding aid prepared by Laurie Rizzo and Eric Rosenzweig
- Sponsor
- The processing of this collection was made possible through generous funding from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, administered through the Council on Library and Information Resources’ “Cataloging Hidden Special Collections and Archives” Project.
- Access Restrictions
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This collection is open for research.
- Use Restrictions
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Copyright restrictions may apply. Please contact the Wagner Free Institute of Science with requests for copying and for authorization to publish, quote or reproduce the material.
Collection Inventory
The will of John Turner and other documents related to his estate.
This file was originally part of Accession 00-02, but was moved to 90-001 when most of 00-02 was extracted to form a new Committee Reports collection.
This folder was originally part of Accession 00-02, but was moved to this collection after most of 00-02 was moved into a new Committee Reports collection (10-01).
Department of Chemistry endowment trial fund balances
Folders 72-74 were originally part of Accession 00-02. When most of 00-02, which contained primarily Committee materials, was moved to a new collection, the Department of Chemistry material was moved to this collection.
Department of Chemistry Endowment reports.
Folders 72-74 were originally part of Accession 00-02. When most of 00-02, which contained primarily Committee materials, was moved to a new collection, the Department of Chemistry material was moved to this collection.
Rules for the government of the Wagner Institute Society of Chemistry and Physics
Folders 72-74 were originally part of Accession 00-02. When most of 00-02, which contained primarily Committee materials, was moved to a new collection, the Department of Chemistry material was moved to this collection.