Call Number:

04

Repository:

The Henry George Birthplace, Archive and Historical Research Center

Extent:

55.0 linear feet

Language:

English

Date:

circa 1857-2002 (bulk 1932-1995)

Creator:

Henry George School of Social Science (New York, N.Y.)

Abstract:

Founded in 1932 by Oscar H. Geiger, the mission of the Henry George School of Social Science (HGSSS) is to promote economic and social justice based on the philosophy of Henry George and his masterpiece, Progress and Poverty (1879). Today, the HGSSS offers tuition free courses and seminars at its headquarters in New York City and at the School's dozens of satellite campuses around the world. The Henry George School of Social Science records, circa 1857-2002 (bulk 1932-1995), consist of materials produced by or relating to the administrators, employees, students, and satellite schools of the Henry George School of Social Science. Materials include correspondence and writings of the School's directors, trustees, and educators; materials used for teaching; newsletters and other school publications and printed matter; press clippings and other promotional materials about the School; photographs of school events, fundraisers, and individuals and groups associated with the School; and other materials.

Founded in 1932 by Oscar H. Geiger, the mission of the Henry George School of Social Science (HGSSS) is to promote economic and social justice based on the philosophy of Henry George and his masterpiece, Progress and Poverty (1879). Today, the HGSSS offers tuition free courses and seminars at its headquarters in New York City and at the School's dozens of satellite campuses around the world.

Founding and Early History

According to his biographer and former HGSSS Director Robert Clancy, Oscar H. Geiger carried the idea for a school based on the teachings of Henry George with him for a long time before he found the opportunity to act upon it. That opportunity came at the height of the Great Depression, when Geiger lost his job as a fur salesman. A longtime follower of Henry George, Geiger believed that the wide acceptance of Georgist philosophy required nothing short of "the re-education of mankind." In January of 1932, Geiger delivered the first lecture of the "Henry George School of Social Science."

The following month, Geiger formed an advisory committee chaired by Frederic C. Howe and in March, the single tax periodical Land and Freedom published a feature-length article on Geiger's plans for a school based on George's teachings. By April a Board of Trustees had been formed and officers were elected. The Board chose Frederic C. Leubuscher to serve as President, Henry George's youngest daughter Anna George de Mille as Vice President, and Joseph Dana Miller, editor of The Single Tax Review, as the School's first Treasurer.

In May of 1932, the Board of Trustees issued a circular appealing for money and Geiger began giving weekly lectures at the Pythian Temple in Manhattan and from his home on West 154th Street. He also kept a small office at the editorial headquarters of Land and Freedom. In September, the HGSSS received an educational charter from the State of New York.

In early 1933, Geiger offered a 10-week course on Progress and Poverty. Fifty students enrolled. In July, the HGSSS moved into bigger offices with the help of one Geiger's students, Leonard T. Recker, who paid the first year's rent. By the fall of 1933, the enrollment had increased to 84 students. In April 1934, Helen Denbigh, President of the HGSSS Student-Alumni Council formed the Henry George Fellowship to serve as an "educational fraternity" dedicated to spreading the message of Henry George. In 1935, the group began publishing a newsletter, The Henry George Fellowship News. By October 1936, the Fellowship counted 2,500 members.

Following Geiger's death on July 29, 1934, the Board of Trustees appointed Norman Fowles acting director. That same year, Henry L.T. Tideman and Julian P. Hickok formed satellite campuses in Chicago and Philadelphia, respectively. In 1936, Frank Chodorov became the full-time director of the School and publisher of a new monthly periodical called The Freeman: A Monthly Critical Journal of Social and Economic Affairs. While Chodorov intended the journal to simply "aid" the HGSSS as a separate entity, many viewed the Freeman as the official organ of the School.

The year 1938 proved the most successful for the HGSSS since its founding: enrollment reached 2,000; the School purchased and moved into a five-story building on East 29th street; and, several new extensions opened, bringing the total number of satellite campuses to nearly 200. In an article that appeared in the New York Herald-Tribune that August, Director Chodorov attributed the success of the School in part to the diversity of its student body: "We have Communists, Republicans, New Deal Democrats, Townsendites, Cophlanites, and what have you...and the only reason they come together is to learn something about economics as understood by Henry George."

Also in 1938, the Board of Trustees named social philosopher John Dewey as honorary President. An admirer of Henry George, Dewey famously wrote "[It] would require less than the fingers of the two hands to enumerate those who, from Plato down, rank with Henry George among the world's social-philosophers. No man, no graduate of a higher educational institution, has a right to regard himself as an educated man in social thought unless he has some first-hand acquaintance with the theoretical contribution of this great American thinker." In 1942, Dewey endorsed the School's educational philosophy, writing that it "measures up to high academic standards."

World War II and its Aftermath

Despite the outbreak of the [World War II], and accusations that School officials favored "appeasement," the HGSSS continued to grow. From August 30 to September 2, 1939, the School co-hosted a Centennial Celebration of George's birth with the Henry George Foundation and the International Union for Land Value Taxation and Free Trade. New York City Mayor F.H. LaGuardia delivered the celebration's opening address to a crowd of more than 200, stating, "I know of no one who pioneered and crusaded who left such a heritage of success as the man to whom you pay tribute."

In 1940, HGSSS faculty member and Times reporter Will Lissner convinced Chodorov of the need for a "scientific journal in economics" to promote George's ideas. With Chodorov's help, the Robert Schalkenbach Foundation agreed to finance Lissner's publication and in 1941, the first issue of the American Journal of Economics and Sociology (AJES) appeared. Throughout its 74-years, several former School officials served on the editorial board and contributed to the AJES including John Dewey, Otto K. Dorn, and George Raymond Geiger, son of HGSSS founder Oscar H. Geiger.

In 1942, Margaret Bateman replaced Chodorov as director and after six years of publication, The Freeman folded and was replaced by The Henry George News. From its first issue in 1943, the new journal was "devoted to objective news reporting" on HGSSS and "Georgist activities in general." In 1944 the HGSSS purchased a new building at 50 East 69th street and in 1946, Bateman resigned as director and Robert Clancy took her place, first as acting director and then in 1948, as director, a position which he held for more than 20 years.

Anna George de Mille, President of the Board of Trustees and last surviving child of Henry George passed away in March 1947. Prior to her death, the University of North Carolina Press agreed to publish de Mille's biography of her father, Henry George: Citizen of the World and when it appeared in 1950, the HGSSS hosted a celebratory dinner in her honor. (Series I. and III. of the George family papers, also known as the Henry George and Anna George de Mille Family Collection, contain many of de Mille's notes for the book.)

The Tenure of Robert Clancy, 1948-1970

In his more than 22 years as director, Robert Clancy played an instrumental role in the expansion of the School's global presence in part by establishing a network of correspondence courses and sending delegates around the world to help establish new extensions. He also helped increase the presence of the School in New York City, with weekly dinners, film viewings, and other activities.

In 1949, nearly 2,400 students enrolled in the basic course on Progress and Poverty and 1,021 enrolled in the School's advanced courses. Two additional satellite campuses opened in Albany and in San Francisco. The same year, Dr. Henry George III, George's grandson, donated the Bible his grandfather carried on his overseas voyages as well as the pen with which he wrote The Science of the Political Economy. Additionally, the Metropolitan Museum of Art donated a life-size portrait of Henry George painted by George de Forest Brush and the School acquired an author's edition of Progress and Poverty of which only 500 copies were printed. The aforementioned items are displayed at the Henry George Birthplace in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The HGSSS continued to experience steady growth throughout the early years of the 1950s. By 1952, the School boasted 65,000 graduates, 12 satellite campuses in the U.S. and Canada, and six locations outside of North America. That same year, the Board of Trustees named Dr. Eduard C. Lindeman, a lecturer at the New School of Social Research and pioneer in adult education, honorary president of the HGSSS. In 1954, the School held its first high school essay competition, open to all high school graduates who took at least three courses in economics at the Henry George School. That same year, Agnes de Mille, Henry George's granddaughter, was elected to the HGSSS Board of Trustees.

From 1954 until her death in 1993, Agnes de Mille played an essential role in the governance and expansion of the HGSSS. In 1957 she helped the School purchase and renovate the birthplace of Henry George in Philadelphia. Agnes de Mille donated many of the items found in the Henry George Birthplace Portrait, Textile, and Artifact Collection including a dress worn by her grandmother, Annie Corsina Fox George. Her involvement in the 1957 rehabilitation of the Birthplace is documented in Series I. of the Henry George Birthplace, Archive, and Historical Research Center rehabilitation and restoration project records.

In 1962 the HGSSS celebrated its 30th Anniversary. In the 30 years since its founding in 1932, more than 100,000 people had completed the School's basic economics course. In 1964, the School co-sponsored a conference held at the Henry Hudson Hotel with the International Union for Land Value Taxation and Free Trade to celebrate the 125th anniversary of George's birth. New York City Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. proclaimed August 30-September 5 "Henry George Week," and the New York Public Library, which houses most of Henry George's personal and professional papers, also marked the occasion with a special exhibit. That same year, a Committee on Land Taxation (COLT) was formed at the School headquarters in NY to "gather information that will be helpful in the practical application of value taxation."

More than 250 people attended the HGSSS Annual Banquet of 1965, which also featured a 40th anniversary celebration of the Robert Schalkenbach Foundation (RSF), the main publishing house of works by Henry George. In 1967, the HGSSS hosted its annual conference in Montreal and new extensions formed in Long Island and Costa Rica. After more than 20 years at the helm of the HGSSS ship, in 1968 the Board of Trustees placed Robert Clancy on administrative leave. Two years later, Arnold Weinstein became the seventh Director of the HGSSS.

The 1970s to the present day

Under the leadership of Director Weinstein and his successor, Stan Rubenstein, the HGSSS emphasized a "back to basics" approach to education. In addition to boosting enrollment in the Fundamental Economics course, the School began offering other courses in economics including Money and Ba[n]king and the History of Economic Thought. Additionally, new teacher-training seminars on political economy were offered at HGSSS headquarters in New York. In 1976, Philip Finkelstein replaced Stan Rubenstein as Director and in 1977, the School created the Center for Local Tax Research to gather relevant statistical information and analysis on the land question.

School officials spent a large portion of the years 1978 and 1979 preparing and executing the Centennial Celebration of the publication of Progress and Poverty, held in San Francisco. To mark the occasion, the New York Public Library offered a special exhibition on the Henry George Papers and the HGSSS and RSF published a Centennial Edition of George's famous work with a new preface authored by his granddaughter, Agnes de Mille. (For more on this celebration, see The Henry George Birthplace, Archive and Historical Research Center collection on Henry George and Progress and Poverty anniversary celebrations.)

In 1980, the HGSSS moved from the E. 69th street location to a new building E. 44th Street. That same year, the Center for Local Tax Research published a study asserting that NYC would gain an extra $250 million per year by increasing land assessments to half their estimated value. The following year, the School held a joint conference in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic with the Lincoln Institute for Land Policy. Following the unexpected death of Philip Finkelstein, the Trustees elected Stan Rubenstein HGSSS Director.

In 1984, the City of Philadelphia approved the erection of a historical marker in front of the Henry George Birthplace at 413 S. 10th Street, which reads: "Henry George: The famous American economist was born here, September 2, 1839. His book 'Progress and Poverty' sold millions. Tax socially produced land values, he urged, instead of individually produced labor and capital. He died 1897 in New York." Six years later, in 1989, the School co-hosted an International Henry George Sesquicentennial Conference in Philadelphia to commemorate the 150th anniversary of George's birth. Several events were held at the Birthplace, which had been restored to its 1839 appearance.

In 1988, the HGSSS moved its New York headquarters to 121 East 30th Street, where it remained until 2014. George Collins replaced Stan Rubenstein as Director in 1989. Collins also served as the Executive Director of the HGSSS Extension in Philadelphia. In 1991, the School held a joint conference with the Robert Schalkenbach Foundation on the Social Collection of Rent in Eastern Europe and the USSR. Scholars from all over the world attended this conference.

The HGSSS celebrated its 60th Anniversary in 1992 and New York City Mayor David N. Dinkins officially declared September 2 "Henry George Day" along with the mayors of 14 other cities. In 1994, the HGSSS sponsored an International Colloquium on "Privatization in the Ancient Near East and Classical World" at NYU and also hosted a panel discussion at the Socialist Scholars Conference held at Manhattan Community College on "Marx vs. George in De-industrial America."

Throughout the 2000s, under the leadership of Mike Curtis, Director of Education, the HGSSS continued to offer free courses and seminars (in English and Spanish) at School headquarters in New York and around the country. In addition to Basic and Advanced courses, School officials began offering Enrichment Courses on a variety of topics including the Evolution of Economic Thought and the Rights of Property. In late 2014, the HGSSS sold the building on East 30th Street and relocated to offices at 5 West 19th Street. As of 2016, Andrew Mazzone serves as President of the Board of Trustees.

This collection consists of materials produced by or relating to the administrators, employees, students, and satellite schools of the Henry George School of Social Science. Materials include correspondence and writings of the School's directors, trustees, and educators; materials used for teaching; newsletters and other school publications and printed matter; press clippings, articles, and other materials related to Henry George, the Single Tax, or the School. Although not included in the series listing, the collection also contains photographs of school events, fundraisers, and individuals and groups associated with the School and other materials.

Several of the printed and reprinted materials in the collection, such as newspaper clippings, whole newspapers (some in Danish), computer printouts, journal articles, handwritten notes, booklets, and other printed matter, relate to Henry George, the School, or the topics of economics (e.g. free trade, taxes, single tax), politics, and other social sciences.

There are very few original documents in this collection; most of the materials are photocopies or scans of original materials. Some of the items in the collection have been digitized. These images and a more detailed finding aid with a partial item-level inventory are available at: https://hgarchives.org/historical-collections-2/the-henry-george-school-of-social-science-collection/. The inventory available online is incomplete, as additional items are still being added to this collection. Also associated with this collection, but not included as part of this survey are various periodicals, including "The Freeman," which are available in the repository's periodical collection.

The collection is currently arranged into six series:

Series I. Directors, trustees, faculty and staff correspondence and written material, circa 1921-1995

Series II. Course material and teacher manuals, circa 1937-1988

Series III. By-laws, reports, newsletters, and promotional material, circa 1933-2002

Series IV. Conference, commencement, and other meeting material, circa 1940-1991

Series V. Press clippings, articles, speeches, and other published material reprinted by the Henry George School of Social Science, circa 1857-1983

Series VI. Material produced by the Henry George School of Social Science extensions, circa 1930s-2000s

Additional series may be added to the finding aid on the repository's website as more materials are incorporated into the collection.